安徽省沿江地区直播油菜钾肥效应研究

为了探明安徽省沿江地区直播油菜的钾肥产量效应,采用田间试验方法,研究了不同钾肥用量对油菜产量、钾肥利用率和经济效益的影响。结果表明,施用钾肥对直播油菜有显著的增产效应。3个不同土壤肥力的试验田块均是以处理K120获得较高产量。提高钾肥用量,油菜的钾肥偏生产力和农学利用率均有降低的趋势。油菜施用钾肥后的经济效益显著,处理K120产值和施肥效益最高,分别为6556.61元/hm2和6052.61元/hm2。产投比以处理K60和K120较高,产投比均高于2.0。综合考虑油菜施用钾肥的产量和经济效益,本试验条件下,安徽省沿江地区以每公顷施用120 kg K2O为最佳钾肥用量。     

Field evaluation and break-even analysis of specialty soybeans for biodiesel and meal protein production

The economic value of a soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] crop depends on yield and quality. The objectives of this study were to evaluate soybean lines for protein and oil content and to examine the break-even (BE) analysis of these traits combined with yield. Forty lines of maturity group (MG) IV or V were grown at four Arkansas locations for two years. Yield, protein, and oil content of each line were determined and compared to the check average for a BE comparison of the total economic value of the line. Results showed six profitable lines ($8.40 to $54.96 per metric ton based on yield) in 2008 and six profitable lines ($0.49 to $61.19 per metric ton based on yield) in 2009. Overall, in both MG, high-protein lines needed to yield more to be profitable, whereas high-oil lines had competitive yield, protein and oil content; R00-764 (MG IV), R05-71 (MG V), and R02-6185F (MG V) were competitive without added premiums.     

基于Shapley值模型的农产品供应链节点间的利益分配研究——江西省蛋鸡产业的实证分析

针对农产品供应链中利益分配不公平问题,构建了Shapley值法的利益分配模型,并以江西省蛋鸡产业为实例进行了相应的实证分析。结果表明,Shapley值模型能够有效地实现农产品供应链节点间利益分配公平性,维持供应链合作联盟的持续性和稳定性。最后,提出了相应的政策建议。     

大兴风力发电项目使用林地的生态损益分析

介绍了大兴风力发电项目的建设概况,分析了建设的必要性,该项目的使用林地情况及其对生态环境的影响,讨论了社会效益、经济效益和生态效益以及三者之间的关系。     

A comprehensive approach for assessing the economic contribution of forage and livestock improvement options to smallholder farming enterprises

The importance of livestock production activities to improving the livelihoods of smallholder farming households and the efficiency of their underlying farming systems is increasingly recognized.A rapid increase in livestock numbers, especially beef cattle, and special purpose forages is being promoted for smallholder farms which have traditionally undertaken subsistence cropping activities or simple livestock rearing activities using low quality feedstuffs.Because limited plantings of specialized forages combined with a poor knowledge of animal nutrition are a challenge to establishing sustainable livestock enterprises, much public policy and research is now being focused on the use of new forages and improved feeding practices.A number of economic studies have suggested that specialized forage growing and livestock feeding activities can make a positive contribution to smallholder welfare.The studies have typically compared the total level of farm or household income with and without livestock activities.Little attention is given to how much the new forage or livestock activities actually contribute to or draw resources from other farm activities to assess their real economic contribution to the enterprise, and the availability of simple tools to assist in making such assessments are limited.This paper describes a simple modelling approach that was developed for an Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research(ACIAR)-supported project to explore the real as opposed to apparent economic impact of integrating improved forages and livestock within smallholder farming systems in the Red Soils region of south-central China.Application of the model is demonstrated using a simple case study of a smallholder enterprise that plans to introduce a new beef cattle rearing activity to its existing farm activity mix.The case study highlights the importance of explicitly valuing transfers of resources between different farm activities to gauge the real contribution of those activities to economic returns.     

三河牛目标性状边际效益研究

【目的】三河牛是1983年验收的中国自主培育的乳肉兼用牛品种,因起源于内蒙古呼伦贝尔市三河地区而得名,具有耐粗饲、宜牧、抗寒、适应性强的特点。研究旨在估计三河牛目标性状的边际效益,为制定三河牛育种规划提供基础。【方法】依据内蒙古谢尔塔拉种牛场三河牛中心产区2011年的生产和育种数据,参照奶牛和肉牛营养需要获得三河牛的生产性能、市场经济、营养学方面的参数,根据三河牛生产和育种体系,确定三河牛育种目标性状,以效益方程法建立三河牛的生物经济利润模型,计算三河牛乳用性状、肉用性状、功能性状的边际效益,并对影响经济效益的各个因素进行了敏感性分析。【结果】（1）确定了三河牛10个育种目标性状,包括3个乳用性状（产奶量,乳蛋白率和乳脂率）,3个肉用性状（初生重,育肥期日增重和屠宰率）和4个功能性状（首次产犊日龄,产犊间隔,体细胞数和母牛使用年限）：（2）牛群规模固定时,三河牛的总效益为4 808.26元。对收益进行分类,产奶和淘汰母牛的收益分别占总收益的67.08%和7.8%,育肥牛的收益占总收益的20.58%。成本方面,可变成本占总成本的96.89%,其中饲养费用是影响可变成本的主要因素,青年母牛、泌乳母牛和育肥公牛的饲养成本分别占总成本的45.69%、20.46%和13.15%;（3）以乳成分和质量（乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞数）定价时,三河牛10个目标性状的边际效益为：产奶量（kg）2.26元、乳脂率（%）40.48元、乳蛋白率（%）61.39元、体细胞数-231.52元、初生重（kg）6.19元、育肥期日增重（g•d-1）1.39元、屠宰率（%）76.70元、使用寿命（天）0.25元、首次产犊日龄（天）-1.62元、产犊间隔（天）-2.71元;（4）乳用性状、肉用性状、功能性状的相对经济权重比例为62﹕14﹕22,近似于3﹕1﹕1的比例。（5）牛奶价格提高10%,产奶量和产犊间隔的边际效益分别增加0.29元和0.17元;牛肉价格提高10%,初生重、育肥期日增重、屠宰率、产犊间隔的边际效益分别增加0.81元、0.15元、7.86元,使用年限的边际效益降低0.03元;饲料价格提高10%,产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、初生重、首次产犊日龄、育肥期日增重的边际效益分别降低0.05元、0.58元、0.34元、0.21元、0.16元、0.01元,产犊间隔和生产寿命的边际效益分别增加0.88元、0.06元。【结论】市场价格的变动对三河牛乳用性状和肉用性状的边际效益影响较大。研究构建的生物经济利润模型可为在中国实施兼用牛选育提供参考,为制定三河牛育种体系的育种目标提供依据。     

稻草覆盖量对冬作马铃薯产量、商品率及经济效益的影响

通过布置稻草覆盖田间试验,探讨稻草覆盖量对冬作马铃薯产量、商品率和经济效益的影响,最终拟定适宜当地的稻草覆盖量。结果表明,不同稻草覆盖量对产量的影响达到0.05的显著水平,其中覆盖4 500 kg/hm2稻草处理（S300）商品薯产量和总产均最高,但S300、S400（6 000 kg/hm2）和S500（7 500 kg/hm2）处理的商品薯产量和总产之间的差异没有达到0.05的显著水平。稻草覆盖量各处理的商品率之间没有显著差异,平均达到95％以上。就经济效益而言,S300处理最高,显著高于S200（3     

基于博弈模型下的港口收费策略

通过对港口企业和船公司盈利的分析,提出了双方博弈的基础.通过建立不完全信息条件下的博弈模型,以港口企业先行动博弈为前提,得出双方的均衡解,从而确定港口的最佳费收,最后,通过算例对本模型进行分析.     

不同种植结构条件下的农户利润风险分析——基于云南南部边境山区农户的调查

随着经济体制的根本变革,我国农村经济自改革开放以来得到了快速发展,但是农业生产风险问题依然存在。其中,云南南部边境热带亚热带山区贫困问题突出,农作物种类繁多且利润风险不同。基于2015年云南南部边境山区366户农户的微观问卷调查数据,采用标准差和因子分析方法,分析云南南部边境山区不同种植结构农户的收入及作物投入产出,探讨不同种植结构条件下的利润风险。结果表明,云南南部边境山区种植结构呈现多样化发展形式,经济作物以甘蔗、香蕉、咖啡、茶叶为主,粮食作物以玉米、水稻、旱稻为主。在市场经济发展条件下,不同种植结构的利润风险差异显著。其中,单项农作物种植的利润风险普遍高于多项农作物种植,而多项农作物种植的种植结构中,经济作物种植面积占比高于50%的种植结构,其利润风险普遍低于经济作物种植面积占比低于50%的种植结构,但利润则正好相反。当前,云南南部边境山区的种植结构以经济作物种植面积占比低于50%为主,结构调整的方向是良性的但利润风险较高。因此,在保障粮食生产的基础上,需顺应云南市场经济发展的方向,依托农业企业引导农户结合当地实际发展经济作物,调整种植结构降低利润风险。     

从农产品价格角度看农民利益分配

从农产品价格的角度分析了我国农民利益分配的不合理性,指出了在市场经济条件下这种不合理利益分配单靠市场机制是无法调节的,需要加强政府对这方面的调控。