基于流场数值模拟的高速磁力泵汽蚀性能研

为了改善高速磁力泵的抗汽蚀性能,在泵吸入口处设置导流栅.建立了吸入口设置导流栅和未设置导流栅的两种模型,采用Fluent软件对高速磁力泵内流场进行数值模拟,给出了各自内部压力分布以及粒子流动迹线图.通过两组数据的比较,得到了内部流场的主要特征,模拟表明高速磁力泵吸入口设置轴向可变位导流栅可以有效提高抗汽蚀性能.数值模拟与高速磁力泵真机的试验对比表明,两者几乎一致,为高速磁力泵的改进设计提供了一定的理论依据.     

涡旋阀压电泵内部空化流动的数值分析

设计了一涡旋阀压电泵,采用动网格模型对其进行数值分析.首先对涡旋阀压电内部流场进行了动态模拟,得到了不同时期压电泵内的速度和静压分布图,有效地将压电振子的动态特征和流体的运动特征进行了间接流固耦合分析,验证了动网格模型在研究压电泵运动边界方面的可行性.研究了驱动频率,压电振子振幅,泵腔高度对涡旋阀压电泵输出性能的影响,发现驱动频率越小,压电振子振幅越大,出口体积流量越大,泵腔高度约为250μm,出口流量达到最大值.此外,还分别对涡旋阀和涡旋阀压电泵进行了空化模拟,得到了空化时涡旋阀内和不同时刻泵腔中的气液分布,为有效预测压电泵腔内空化,抑制空化现象提供了一定依据.     

常用花生脱壳机的分析研究

介绍目前我困花生脱壳机的生产、应用情况,通过对市场上常用花生脱壳机的剥壳原理、动力情况、加工效果、人机工程等方面进行分析,提出我国花生脱壳机在今后的研制、生产和使用中应注意的问题,以提高花生脱壳机械的使用可靠性和花生产品品质。     

德庆贡柑生产知识库建设

文章通过分析国内外农业生产知识库研究现状和德庆贡柑产业发展需求,提出了德庆贡柑生产知识库的建设,并从知识库系统体系结构确定、贡柑知识获取和知识库知识分类等方面展开论述。贡柑生产知识库的建设,为提高贡柑生产效益、实现标准化生产、提升贡柑品质和增加果农经济收入等方面具有重要的意义。     

不同耕作方式对旱作区冬小麦生产和产量的影响

为了筛选出适宜旱作区推广的耕作技术,在旱作大田条件下,设置一次深翻、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、传统耕作四种耕作方式,研究了不同耕作方式下花后土壤水分和养分状况、小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、小麦旗叶净光合速率和小麦籽粒灌浆速率及产量。结果表明,免耕覆盖、深松覆盖开花期和灌浆期0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量分别比传统耕作提高了4.13%、6.23%和5.50%、9.27%,0～40 cm土层土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于传统耕作,为小麦开花后生长发育提供了良好的环境,从而提高了小麦灌浆中后期旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率,促进花后干物质积累及干物质向籽粒转运,进而提高了籽粒灌浆速率,使得籽粒产量显著提高。     

提高沼气产量的外源添加物筛选研究

目前,大部分农村沼气池存在着沼气产量不高的问题,而一些外源添加物可以通过加速厌氧发酵的水解速率或刺激产甲烷菌的新陈代谢过程提高沼气产量.该文分别以猪粪和产甲烷培养基为底物进行厌氧发酵,筛选出能提高沼气产量的外源添加物,并将其进行优化组合,得出最佳用量.试验结果表明:以猪粪为底物进行发酵时,添加啤酒糟能促进底物水解、提高产气量,前4 d的池容产气率比对照高23.17%;以产甲烷培养基为底物时,蛋白胨氨基酸等混合物(物质M)和微量元素液Ⅱ均可刺激产甲烷菌代谢、促进产气,发酵第23 d的累计产气量分别比对照高51.02%和13.37%;随后将筛选出的三种外源添加物进行以猪粪为底物的正交及验证试验,综合考虑促气效果及经济性得出最优组合为微量元素液Ⅱ 10 mL/L,啤酒糟2.5 g/L,物质M 0.05 g/L,该组合在沼气池试验中能提高28.46%的产气量.该试验结果为一种沼气促进剂的研制奠定基础.     

Small-scale heterogeneity in carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane production from aggregates of a cultivated sandy-loam soil

Spatial variability in carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emissions from soil is related to the distribution of microsites where these gases are produced. Porous soil aggregates may possess aerobic and anaerobic microsites, depending on the water content of pores. The purpose of this study was to determine how production of CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ was affected by aggregate size and soil water content. An air-dry sandy loam soil was sieved to generate three aggregate fractions (<0.25 mm, 0.25–2 mm and 2–6 mm) and bulk soil (<2 mm). Aggregate fractions and bulk soil were moistened (60% water-filled pore space, WFPS) and pre-incubated to restore microbial activity, then gradually dried or moistened to 20%, 40%, 60% or 80% WFPS and incubated at 25 °C for 48 h. Soil respiration peaked at 40% WFPS, presumably because this was the optimum level for heterotrophic microorganisms, and at 80% WFPS, which corresponded to the peak N₂O production. More CO₂ was produced by microaggregates (<0.25 mm) than macroaggregate (>0.25 mm) fractions. Incubation of aggregate fractions and soil at 80% WFPS with acetylene (10 Pa and 10 kPa) and without acetylene showed that denitrification was responsible for 95% of N₂O production from microaggregates, while nitrification accounted for 97–99% of the N₂O produced by macroaggregates and bulk soil. This suggests that oxygen (O₂) diffusion into and around microaggregates was constrained, whereas macroaggregates remained aerobic at 80% WFPS. Methane consumption and production were measured in aggregates, reaching 1.1–6.4 ng CH₄–C kg⁻¹ soil h⁻¹ as aggregate fractions and soil became wetter. For the sandy-loam soil studied, we conclude that nitrification in aerobic microsites contributed importantly to total N₂O production, even when the soil water content permitted denitrification and CH₄ production in anaerobic microsites. The relevance of these findings to microbial processes controlling N₂O production at the field scale remains to be confirmed.     

Energy and water balance measurements for water productivity analysis in irrigated mango trees, Northeast Brazil

Crop water parameters, including actual evapotranspiration, transpiration, soil evaporation, crop coefficients, evaporative fractions, aerodynamic resistances, surface resistances and percolation fluxes were estimated in a commercial mango orchard during two growing seasons in Northeast Brazil. The actual evapotranspiration (E_a) was obtained by the eddy covariance (EC) technique, while for the reference evapotranspiration (E₀); the FAO Penman–Monteith equation was applied. The energy balance closure showed a gap of 12%. For water productivity analysis the E_a was then computed with the Bowen ratio determined from the eddy covariance fluxes. The mean accumulated E_a for the two seasons was 1419 mm year⁻¹, which corresponded to a daily average rate of 3.7 mm day⁻¹. The mean values of the crop coefficients based on evapotranspiration (K_c) and based on transpiration (K_cb) were 0.91 and 0.73, respectively. The single layer K_c was fitted with a degree days function. Twenty percent of evapotranspiration originated from direct soil evaporation. The evaporative fraction was 0.83 on average. The average relative water supply was 1.1, revealing that, in general, irrigation water supply was in good harmony with the crop water requirements. The resulting evapotranspiration deficit was 73–95 mm per season only. The mean aerodynamic resistance (r_a) was 37 s m⁻¹ and the bulk surface resistance (r_s) was 135 s m⁻¹. The mean unit yield was 45 tonne ha⁻¹ being equivalent to a crop water productivity of 3.2 kg m⁻³ when based on E_a with an economic counterpart of US$ 3.27 m⁻³. The drawback of this highly productive use of water resources is an unavoidable percolation flux of approximately 300 mm per growing season that is detrimental to the downstream environment and water users.     

基于RS数据和GIS方法估算区域作物节水潜力

利用遥感ET数据开展用水定额管理及节水潜力分析等方面的研究,是对传统农业节水研究的有益补充。该文利用分类均值法构建了基于遥感ET数据的作物水分生产函数,考虑耗水较低兼顾水分生产率较高的原则,提出基于水资源脆弱区作物ET定额估算模型,利用该模型计算获得冬小麦及夏玉米的ET定额分别为346.00、313.00 mm;保持现有土地利用结构不变,以作物ET定额为评价标准,通过对超过该作物ET定额的像元进行调整,获得大兴区夏玉米及冬小麦的节水潜力分别为1 176.75、369.27万m3。该研究为利用遥感ET数据开展区域耗水节水潜力的定量化评价进行了有益的探索。     

农业清洁生产技术应用的补偿机制实证研究——以云南省大理州洱源县农户调查为例

以云南省大理州洱源县农户调查为例,开展农户对于农业清洁生产技术采纳的补偿意愿实证研究。研究采用意愿价值评估法,在假设政府提供补偿的前提下进行农户问卷调查,获得农户对于采用不同农业清洁技术的受偿意愿数据,从而为制定相应的补偿政策提供依据。首先,分析了农户对于使用配方肥、秸秆还田及修建化粪池等3类清洁技术的采纳意愿;其次,明确了农户愿意接受的现金和实物2种补偿方式;第三,简单估算了农户采纳3类清洁技术希望获得的补偿标准;最后,调查了农户对于政府可能采取的推进清洁技术发展的配套政策的偏好程度。