Energy requirements of Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred ewes during non-pregnancy and lactation

This experiment was conducted to investigate the energy requirement of Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred ewes during non-pregnancy and lactation. Fifteen ewes after parturition were randomly assigned to three treatments: ad libitum(100%) feed intake and 80 or 60% ad libitum intake, and another nine non-pregnant ewes were assigned to a blank control group. Digestibility trials were performed in the non-pregnant ewes and in the lactating ewes on the 20 th, 50 th, and 80 th d of lactation. In parallel with the digestibility trial, a respirometry experiment was conducted to determine the methane and carbon dioxide production with an open-circuit respirometry system that was equipped with respiratory chambers. The net energy(NE) and metabolizable energy(ME) requirements for maintenance and growth were calculated using the carbon and nitrogen balance method. The results revealed that the carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) excretions and energy losses at faeces and urine, as well as the output of methane and CO2, increased significantly with decreasing feed intake(P0.01). The apparent digestibilities of C in th e stages of non-pregnancy and early, middle and late lactation were 55.8–58.3%, 62.5–73.8%, 64.8–71.3%, and 61.7–65.0%, respectively, and the apparent digestibilities of N were 45.2–51.3%, 73.7–82.7%, 72.8–80.5%, and 73.6–76.5%, respectively. The corresponding energy apparent digestibilities were 52.0–56.3%, 60.7–76.6%, 61.0–68.8%, and 61.4–67.7%, respectively. The ME/DE(digestible energy) values were 79.5–85.9%, 79.4–83.5%, 81.0%–85.3% and 78.6–82.9%, respectively. The maintenance requirements of NE, ME, and the efficiencies of ME utilisation for maintenance during the stages of non-pregnancy and early, middle and late lactation were 215.5, 253.1, 247.7, and 244.7 k J kg~(–1) BW0.75 d, and 372.4, 327.1, 320.9, and 362.0 k J kg~(–1) BW0.75 d, and 0.58, 0.77, 0.77, and 0.68, respectively. The ME requirement for the growth of non-pregnant ewes was 31.3 MJ kg~(–1) BW gain.     

地中海奶水牛乳房形态结构与泌乳性能的关联分析

本研究通过分析不同胎次乳房性状之间的相关性以及乳房性状与泌乳性能之间的相关性,建立地中海奶水牛乳房线性性状的入选主成分评估模型,为培育具有优良乳房性状的高产奶水牛提供参考。收集意大利牧场123头地中海水牛共1 107条生产记录信息,利用SAS 9.2 CORR过程进行相关性分析,运用PRINCOMP过程建立入选主成分评估模型。结果表明,1~4胎时,270 d泌乳量随着胎次的增加而增加;在1~2胎时,前乳头长与后乳头长呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）;3胎及3胎以上时,前乳头长与后乳头长呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;1~4胎时,乳区面积与前乳头距、前后乳头距、后乳头距呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,且前乳头距与后乳头距呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）;在≥ 4胎时,前后乳头距与泌乳量、乳蛋白量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,并与乳脂量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,同时乳区面积与泌乳性能呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;在第1~2、4胎及以上时,泌乳量、乳蛋白量和乳脂量之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,且在第3胎时泌乳性能之间呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。入选主成分评估模型为：Y=0.2631x1+0.1186x2+0.0862x3+0.0796x4+0.1039x5+0.0042x6-6.9689,式中,x1,前乳头长;x2,后乳头长;x3,前乳头距;x4,前后乳头距;x5,后乳头距;x6,乳区面积。本研究进一步阐明了地中海奶水牛不同胎次乳房性状之间存在相关性,而乳房性状与泌乳性能之间的相关性受胎次的影响。     

The change of dry matter intake, milk yield and bone turnover in primiparous cows compared to multiparous cows during early lactation

Data from six primiparous and nine multiparous Holstein cows were used to clarify the difference of Ca and P mobilization between primiparous and multiparous cows during early lactation. The dry matter intake (DMI) of primiparous cows was lower (P < 0.01) than those of multiparous cows. Milk yield was lower in primiparous cows at 7, 14, 21 (P < 0.01), and 28 days (P < 0.05) after parturition. There was no significant difference in milk Ca and P concentrations between primiparous and multiparous cows. There were no significant differences in plasma Ca and P concentrations between primiparous and multiparous cows. The plasma P level at 7 days postpartum in primiparous cows was lower (P < 0.05) than 28 days postpartum. The concentration of plasma osteocalcin (OC) measured as bone formation marker of primiparous cows was significantly higher than multiparous cows (P < 0.01) at 21 and 28 days postpartum. The urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) as bone resorption marker of primiparous cows tended to be higher (P < 0.10) than multiparous cows at 21 days after parturition and decreased to the same level as that of multiparae toward the peak lactation. These results show that Ca and P mobilization of primiparous cows are more active than multiparous cows.     

Chiral Inversion of (R)-Ketoprofen: Influence of Age and Differing Physiological Status in Dairy Cattle

The chiral inversion of ketoprofen has been previously demonstrated in cattle, but no studies have been performed on different ages and metabolic situations in the animals. The aim of this work was to study any modifications of the stereoconversion of ketoprofen that occur by reason of age, lactation or gestation in dairy cows. Holando Argentino cattle were divided into three groups: 8 cows in early lactation, 8 pregnant cows and 8 newborn calves. Four animals from each group received the enantiomer R-(–)-ketoprofen by intravenous administration; the other four animals received the S-(+) enantiomer, all at doses of 0.5 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected at standardized times after dosing and assayed for ketoprofen by high-performance reversed-phase liquid chromatography (HPLC). The percentage inversion of R-(–)-ketoprofen to S-(+)-ketoprofen was 50.5% (SD ± 2.4) in the preruminants, 33.3% (SD ± 1.7) in cows in early lactation and 26.0% (SD ± 5.1) in cows in gestation. These results indicate a differing enantioselective metabolic behaviour for one compound in one species under different physiological situations.     

北京昌平地区泌乳期和干乳期荷斯坦奶牛血液生化指标分析

为了了解泌乳期和干乳期荷斯坦奶牛血液生化指标的变化规律,进一步指导奶牛实际生产工作,本试验使用一次性注射器采集奶牛颈静脉血液置于2 mL离心管中,标记并记录每头奶牛耳号以及采样日期,采用全自动血细胞分析仪对加抗凝剂的全血进行血常规和血液生理生化指标测定。结果显示：白细胞数目在泌乳前期会有一定程度升高(P>0.05)血红蛋白含量在整个泌乳时期变化均不显著(P>0.05);总蛋白量(TP)在泌乳盛期达到高峰,碱性磷酸酶(ALKP)在泌乳前期量最多,丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)在泌乳盛期降低,对于血糖(GLU),在泌乳盛期血液里含量显著高于其他泌乳时期(P<0.05)     

营养素及添加剂改善哺乳母猪泌乳力、生产性能和血液参数的研究进展

在母猪妊娠期和泌乳期日粮中添加不同水平的营养素或添加剂可改善哺乳母猪的泌乳力、生产性能和某些血液参数。文章就添加蛋白质、氨基酸、油脂、纤维、微量元素、维生素及添加剂对哺乳母猪的影响展开分析。     

WGCNA鉴定奶山羊妊娠至泌乳期乳腺发育关键基因

旨在通过加权基因共表达网络分析（weighted gene co-expression network analysis,WGCNA）筛选奶山羊不同生理阶段乳腺发育的关键基因。本研究从GEO数据库中下载奶山羊不同生理阶段（妊娠46天、70天、90天、110天和产后40天）的乳腺组织微阵列数据集GSE14008,使用R语言的WGCNA包对数据进行共表达分析。将得到的模块与生理阶段进行关联分析,选择目标模块,并根据连接度选出枢纽基因。使用DAVID网站对模块进行富集分析后,使用String网站构建模块的蛋白互作网络,并使用Cytoscape软件得到核心基因,最终与枢纽基因取交集得到目标基因。对18个样本的8 443个基因进行加权基因共表达分析,得到30个模块,并选出4个与不同生理阶段相关的目标模块及每个模块的30个枢纽基因,同时也得到4个模块的蛋白互作网络及每个网络的20个核心基因。最终,4个模块共得到13个与乳腺发育相关的目标基因（UQCR、RGL2、NOTCH1、PTBP1、PPP5C、FZR1、UBE2L3、TNF、MAT2A、ITGB2、GPR18、JAK1、CSN2）。本研究通过WGCNA、GO富集分析和PPI网络等生物信息学技术,阐明了不同生理时期乳腺发育的关键过程,及在这些过程中起关键作用的基因,这为进一步研究乳腺发育机制提供了新的思路和线索。     

Milk Yield of Holstein Cows Induced into Lactation Twice Consecutively and Lactation Curve Models Fitted to Artificial Lactations

Nineteen multiparous barren Holstein cows were subjected to an induction of lactation protocol for 21 d administering estradiol cypionate (2 mg kg⁻¹ of body weight (BW) d⁻¹, on day 1 to 14), progesterone (0.10 mg kg⁻¹ of BW, on day 1 to 7), flumethasone (0.03 mg kg⁻¹ of BW, on day 18 to 20) and recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST; 500 mg per cow, on day 1, 6, 16 and 21). At the end of lactation and with a minimum of a 2-mon dry period, the same cows were again hormonally induced into lactation. Cows in both lactations were not artificially inseminated, they were milked 3 times daily and received rbST throughout lactation. Mean accumulated milk yield at 305 d in milk (DIM) did not differ between the first and second induced lactations ((9 710 ±1 728) vs. (9 309±2 150) kg; mean±SD). Total milk yield ((12 707±3 406) vs. (12 306±4 218) kg; mean±SD) and lactation length ((405±100) vs. (410±91) d; mean±SD) were not different between the first and second induced lactations. In a second study, 15 empirical models including exponential, power law, yield-density, sigmoidal and miscellaneous models were compared for their suitability by modeling 12-mon (n=334), 18-mon (n=164) and 29-mon (n=22) lactation cycles of Holsteins cows induced into lactation and treated with rbST throughout the lactation. Hoerl (Y= ab^1/xx^c), Wood (Y=ax^b exp(cx)) and Dhanoa (Y=ax^(bc)exp(cx)) models were equally suitable to describe 12-mon lactations. An exponential model with five parameters (Y=exp(a+bx+cd²+e/x)) showed the best fit for milk yield for 18-mon lactations. The rational model (Y=a+bx/1+cx+dx²) was found to produce the closest fit for 29-mon lactations. It was concluded that, with the protocol used in the present study, multiparous cows respond favorably to a second cycle of induced lactation, with milk yield similar to that experienced during the first cycle. Thus, dairy producers might be able to lengthen the productive life of infertile high producing cows with a renewal of artificial lactation, which would imply an overall reduction in voluntary culling of cows. Also, various equations used to describe the lactation curves demonstrated the potential for fitting monthly milk records of Holstein cows with prolonged lactations and induced hormonally into lactation.     

规模化奶牛场数字化网络管理平台开发与应用

【目的】利用网络数据库技术,建立规模化奶牛场生产过程数据网络整合与智能分析共享平台,以满足规模化奶牛场数字化管理水平,提高繁育效率及遗传进展。【方法】基于奶牛从发情、配种、孕检、妊娠、产犊、泌乳、干奶到下一个繁殖周期的生产管理流程,将奶牛划分为犊牛、青年牛、育肥牛、泌乳牛、干奶牛5种类型,在设计采集生产母牛及公牛基本信息及数据标准规范后,采用Microsoft.Net框架、SQL Server 2008网络数据库及FusionCharts网络绘图等技术,研究构建规模化奶牛场繁殖、泌乳及健康等数据管理及智能分析平台。【结果】平台一级子系统包括系统维护、牛只管理、繁殖管理、产乳管理、饲养管理、健康管理、统计分析及场内管理。在8大子系统上总共实现的功能模块多达96项。其中,系统维护6项,牛只管理10项,繁殖管理13项,含DHI数据的产乳管理14项,饲料管理4项,健康管理10项,统计分析18项以及场内管理21项。平台主要实现了对奶牛繁殖与泌乳生产核心数据的网络远程数字化管理,主要包括公、母牛个体繁殖状态的全程记录、不同胎次的泌乳数据的记录、牛只资料卡等在线动态分析、各类基础数据的排序与输出等。在数据挖掘分析上,可在线计算平均胎间距、泌乳牛胎次结构、高低产母牛数量、系谱跟踪及近交系数等。在生产提示功能设计上,可处理的项目包括发情配种、初检复检、产犊泌乳、干奶、催乳、淘汰及犊牛断奶等各类将发生的生产事件,而且可对大部分统计分析数据进行可视化图形渲染处理,如胎次产量分布图、年度产奶比较图、二叉树谱系图及泌乳曲线图等。【结论】对生产过程基本数据的分析与数据挖掘,提升了基础数据的利用价值,更有利于奶牛场管理者的科学决策。     

荷斯坦牛泌乳前期体况评分及其对泌乳性能和离群寿命的影响

为了探究荷斯坦牛泌乳前期体况评分（body condition score,BCS）的影响因素及BCS对生产性能和离群寿命的影响,本研究收集江苏省某大型牛场2018年1月至2020年12月共7 811头荷斯坦牛泌乳前期BCS、生产性能测定（dairy herd improvement,DHI）结果及淘汰记录,利用多因素方差分析法在分析奶牛泌乳前期BCS变化及影响因素基础上,重点分析泌乳前期BCS及其变化对泌乳性能和离群寿命的影响,利用Cox回归对泌乳前期不同BCS的荷斯坦牛生存曲线进行绘制,并对不同BCS荷斯坦牛的淘汰原因进行卡方检验。结果表明,全群泌乳前期BCS均值为（2.95 ±0.32）。胎次、产犊季节和泌乳天数对泌乳前期BCS有极显著影响（P<0.01）,1胎牛和夏季产犊的母牛泌乳前期BCS均最高;5~30、31~60、61~100 d BCS呈显著下降。泌乳前期BCS对产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞评分等均有极显著影响（P<0.01）。产奶量和高峰奶量随BCS的增加呈极显著下降（P<0.01）。泌乳前期BCS与产奶量、高峰奶量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与乳蛋白率呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。泌乳前期BCS的变化对SCS和高峰奶量均有显著影响（P<0.05）。泌乳前期BCS对离群胎次和淘汰月龄有极显著影响（P<0.01）。生存分析表明,BCS为2.75的牛只生存概率最大。2胎和4胎母牛、冬季产犊的母牛不同BCS淘汰比例均呈极显著差异（P<0.01）;低产淘汰的牛只泌乳前期BCS淘汰分布具有极显著差异（P<0.01）。在本研究牛群中,当泌乳前期BCS为2.75时,牛只生产性能较佳且淘汰风险最低,本研究为规模化牛场荷斯坦牛泌乳前期的饲养管理提供了参考。