Effect of herbage allowance and concentrate supplementation on dry matter intake, milk production and energy balance of early lactating dairy cows

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of daily herbage allowance and concentrate supplementation level offered at approximately 40 and 80 days in milk (DIM) and the carryover effects at 120 DIM on the production performance of spring calving dairy cows. Sixty-six (30 primiparous and 36 multiparous) Holstein–Friesian dairy cows (mean calving date — 7 Feb ± 9.9 days) were randomly assigned to a 6 treatment (n = 11) grazing study. The experiment was a randomised block design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (3 daily herbage allowances (DHA's; approximately 13, 16 and 19 kg DM/cow/day; > 4 cm) and 2 concentrate allowances (0 and 4 kg DM/day). Treatments were imposed from 21 February to 8 May. Following this period (subsequent 4-weeks) animals were offered a daily herbage allowance of 20 kg DM/cow/day and no concentrate. Milk production, total dry matter intake (TDMI), energy balance (EB) and blood metabolites were measured on three occasions — at approximately 40, 80 and 120 days in milk, R1, R2 and the carryover period, respectively. Cows offered a low DHA had a lower post-grazing sward height but increased sward utilisation (> 4 cm) during R1 and R2, there was no difference during the carryover period. Concentrate supplementation increased post-grazing sward height by 11% during R2 but had no effect during R1 and the carryover period. Daily herbage allowance had no effect on milk yield or composition during R1 however a low DHA tended to reduce milk yield in R2. Concentrate supplementation increased milk and solids corrected milk (SCM) yield by 4.1 and 2.8 kg/cow/day, respectively during R1 and also increased R2 milk production performance, this effect extended into the carryover period. Offering a low DHA restricted grass dry matter intake (DMI) during R1 and R2 yet concentrate supplementation significantly increased total DMI (2.3 (R1) and 3.0 (R2) kg DM/cow). Animals offered a low DHA had a significantly lower bodyweight (BW) than those offered a medium or high DHA during P1 and P2. Concentrate supplementation increased BW during P1 and P2 (+ 9 and + 14 kg/cow, respectively). There was no effect of treatment on BW during P3. There was no effect of DHA on EB in R1; during R2 animals offered a low DHA had the lowest EB. Concentrate significantly increased EB in R1 and R2 and increased plasma glucose concentration while it decreased plasma NEFA and BHB concentrations. The results of this study indicate that animals should be offered a low DHA up to 80 DIM after which DHA should be increased however animals should also be supplemented with concentrate during the early post-partum period.     

生长激素轴的组成及其对奶牛泌乳的调控

奶牛泌乳主要受到以生长激素为核心的生长激素轴的调控,其调控原理错综复杂,鉴于此,在前人研究的基础上结合生长激素轴的组成及特点对其调控机制进行简单综述,以期対生长激素的泌乳调控有较深入的了解。     

中兽药散剂治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎的研究

奶牛乳房炎严重影响奶业生产。本试验使用中兽药散剂替代抗生素对临床型奶牛乳房炎进行治疗,并对治疗过程中的奶牛乳房炎病程情况、奶牛免疫情况和牛奶品质进行观察,评估中兽药散剂的治疗效果。结果显示：中兽药散剂可有效通乳消痈;可降低牛奶中体细胞数量;可提高粒细胞含量（从2%以下提高到46.3%）;可抑制炎症,降低IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的含量（降低66.3%~71.0%）。得出结论：中药散剂可提高奶牛的免疫功能,治疗乳房炎。     

地中海奶水牛乳房形态结构与泌乳性能的关联分析

本研究通过分析不同胎次乳房性状之间的相关性以及乳房性状与泌乳性能之间的相关性,建立地中海奶水牛乳房线性性状的入选主成分评估模型,为培育具有优良乳房性状的高产奶水牛提供参考。收集意大利牧场123头地中海水牛共1 107条生产记录信息,利用SAS 9.2 CORR过程进行相关性分析,运用PRINCOMP过程建立入选主成分评估模型。结果表明,1~4胎时,270 d泌乳量随着胎次的增加而增加;在1~2胎时,前乳头长与后乳头长呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）;3胎及3胎以上时,前乳头长与后乳头长呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;1~4胎时,乳区面积与前乳头距、前后乳头距、后乳头距呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,且前乳头距与后乳头距呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）;在≥ 4胎时,前后乳头距与泌乳量、乳蛋白量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,并与乳脂量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,同时乳区面积与泌乳性能呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;在第1~2、4胎及以上时,泌乳量、乳蛋白量和乳脂量之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,且在第3胎时泌乳性能之间呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。入选主成分评估模型为：Y=0.2631x1+0.1186x2+0.0862x3+0.0796x4+0.1039x5+0.0042x6-6.9689,式中,x1,前乳头长;x2,后乳头长;x3,前乳头距;x4,前后乳头距;x5,后乳头距;x6,乳区面积。本研究进一步阐明了地中海奶水牛不同胎次乳房性状之间存在相关性,而乳房性状与泌乳性能之间的相关性受胎次的影响。     

The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India

Trials with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst India Ltd) were carried out on two commercial farms in subtropical western India to study the response and economics of nematode treatment in adult dairy cows. Milk yield, lactation length, time to first oestrus and worm egg output were monitored in treated and control groups. Treatment reduced the egg count considerably. Treated cows produced 142 litres more milk over 100 days (p<0.05), with extension of lactation length and advancement of time to first oestrus. The economic gain in terms of milk yield far outweighed the cost of anthelmintic used.     

葡萄藤颗粒饲料对奶牛产奶性能的影响

[目的]为了促进葡萄藤等葡萄副产物的饲料化利用,[方法]试验利用葡萄藤等葡萄副产物生产的颗粒饲料饲喂产奶期奶牛,研究其对奶牛产奶性能的影响。[结果]结果显示,试验期内,试验组奶牛产奶量随着试验时间延长而增加。在试验30 d时,试验组奶牛平均产奶量比对照组多2.1 kg,达显著水平(P0.05);在试验结束时,比对照组多产奶2.4 kg(P0.05)。乳蛋白含量和乳脂率均有所增加,但未达显著水平(P0.05)。试验组奶牛日均增效益较对照组多2.26元。[结论]葡萄藤颗粒饲料可部分代替奶牛日粮中的玉米秸秆、玉米青贮等粗饲料,对提高奶牛产奶性能具有促进作用。     

瘦素与奶牛泌乳早期能量平衡和生殖机能的关系

为阐明奶牛血浆瘦素、能量状况和生殖机能之间的关系,随机选取年龄、胎次、泌乳量相近的奶牛60头,分别在产后1、14、28、42、56和70 d时颈静脉采血,根据血糖浓度在6个时间点分为低血糖组(L)和对照组(CK)。同时调查和检测奶牛的生产性能 (体重、泌乳量和干物质摄入量)、繁殖性能(首次配种间隔、情期受胎率、发情率和配种指数)、血液生化指标(血糖、β-羟丁酸和游离脂肪酸)和内分泌指标(胰岛素、胰高血糖素、瘦素、雌二醇和孕酮)。结果显示:奶牛泌乳早期存在不同程度的能量负平衡,产后14 d最高。能量负平衡(negative energy balance,NEB)能使奶牛产后干物质摄入量(DMI)、体重(BW)和泌乳量(MY)减少,首次配种间隔延长,情期受胎率和发情率降低,配种指数增高,血浆胰岛素(Ins)、胰高血糖素(Gn)、瘦素(leptin)、雌二醇(E2)和孕酮(P4)浓度降低,呈现低血糖(Glu)、高血浆游离脂肪酸(NEFA)和β-羟丁酸(BHBA)生化特性;能量负平衡时,奶牛血浆瘦素与血浆Glu、E2、P4之间呈显著正相关,与BW损失、血浆NEFA之间呈明显负相关;能量平衡时,奶牛血浆瘦素与DMI、Glu、Ins之间呈显著正相关,与BW损失呈显著负相关,与血浆E2和P4之间相关不显著。 这些结果提示,奶牛泌乳早期易发能量负平衡不仅与干物质摄入量、体重、泌乳量密切相关,而且与机体内分泌未完全协调发挥作用有关。能量负平衡明显降低泌乳早期奶牛的生产性能和繁殖性能。血浆瘦素与生产性能指标、血浆生化指标的相关性分析证实瘦素在奶牛能量平衡、生产性能和繁殖性能之间起到一个平衡纽带的作用。     

丙二醇对泌乳早期奶牛泌乳性能和血液代谢产物的影响

 【目的】研究丙二醇对泌乳早期奶牛采食量、泌乳性能、体重变化、能量平衡、血液代谢产物和尿酮浓度的影响。【方法】选取32头经产奶牛,根据泌乳期、上一泌乳期305 d产奶量和预产期,采用随机区组设计分为4组,分别在基础日粮中添加1,2-丙二醇0、150、300和450 ml?d-1,测定采食量、产奶量、乳成分、体重、血糖和尿酮等浓度的变化。【结果】日粮添加丙二醇对奶牛的采食量、产奶量、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳干物质率和饲料转化效率无显著影响,450 ml?d-1组乳脂率显著低于0和150 ml?d-1组（P＜0.05）。添加丙二醇后,300、450 ml?d-1组血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素浓度显著高于0组（P＜0.05）,而血浆游离脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度显著低于0组（P＜0.05）;300、450 ml?d-1组尿酮浓度显著低于0和150 ml?d-1组（P＜0.05）。添加丙二醇300、450 ml?d-1显著改善泌乳早期奶牛能量负平衡,减少了体重下降。【结论】日粮添加丙二醇有益于改善泌乳早期奶牛能量平衡状况,适宜添加量为300 ml?d-1。     

分娩后不同饲喂模式对泌乳母猪生产性能、乳成分和生理代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究母猪分娩后3种饲喂模式(产后不限饲、限饲3 d和限饲7 d后自由采食)对泌乳母猪生产性能、乳成分和生理代谢的影响.挑选遗传背景一致、体况和健康良好、分娩日期接近的3～6胎次丹系长×大母猪45头,分娩后根据体重、背膘厚度和胎次随机均分成3个组,每组15个重复,每个重复1头.3组母猪饲喂相同的泌乳饲粮,执行对...     

莎能奶山羊不同品系交配后代哺乳期的生长发育

本研究应用三个不同品系的莎能奶山羊进行五个交配组合,哺乳期生长发育结果:杂交组合Ⅲ(西农-西德 F_1♂×西农♀)发育最佳,杂交组合Ⅰ(西德♂×西农♀和)纯繁组合Ⅰ(西农♂×西农♀)次之,而杂交组合Ⅱ(英国♂×西农♀)和纯繁组合Ⅱ(英国♂×英国♀)表现较差。各部位哺乳期生长发育顺序为高度、长度、宽度和体重。