芦丁对奶牛泌乳性能和血清指标的影响

 【目的】研究了芦丁对奶牛产奶量、血清、泌乳相关激素等指标的影响,旨在寻找合适的添加量,为应用芦丁提高中国奶牛泌乳性能提供数据参考。【方法】选用生理状态等相近的泌乳高峰期经产中国荷斯坦奶牛20头,随机分成4组,每组5头。分别在基础日粮中每日每头添加芦丁0.0(对照组)、1.5、3.0、4.5mg?kg-1。试验期11周,其中预饲期1周,正试期10周。隔日记录试验牛的产奶量,并于试验第5、35、65日采集乳样进行乳成分分析,同日尾静脉抽取血液样品,根据产奶量的检测结果,选择效果最好组及对照组测定其血清生化指标、免疫指标及泌乳相关激素含量等。【结果】(1)与对照组相比,3.0mg?kg-1与4.5mg?kg-1芦丁处理组都显著提高了奶牛的产奶量(P＜0.05),而1.5 mg?kg-1芦丁处理组与对照组奶牛产奶量差异不显著(P>0.05);1.5 mg?kg-1芦丁处理和3.0 mg?kg-1处理乳脂率低于对照组(P＜0.05),4.5mg?kg-1芦丁处理乳脂率同对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),各处理组间牛乳乳蛋白、乳糖、非脂固形物差异不显著(P＞0.05)(2)3.0mg?kg-1处理组血清溶菌酶含量高于对照组(P＜0.05),尿素氮水平第35、65日检测结果低于第5日检测结果(P＜0.05);该处理组奶牛血清谷丙转氨酶由第5日的22.88(IU?L-1)提高到第65日的25.38(IU?L-1),催乳素含量则由12.19ng?mL-1上升到13.94ng?mL-1,提高了14.36%;(3)3.0mg?kg-1处理组血清指标中,免疫球蛋白IgG、总蛋白、白蛋白、葡萄糖、皮质醇、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶含量与对照组比较差异不显著(P＞0.05);血清中雌激素、孕激素的水平同对照组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05),但孕激素水平呈现上升趋势。【结论】芦丁能够提高奶牛泌乳性能,同时保持奶品质,降低奶牛血清中尿素氮的水平,提高溶菌酶的含量。在本试验条件下,芦丁适宜添加量为3.0 mg?kg-1。     

日粮添加过瘤胃保护胆碱对喀斯特山区奶牛泌乳性能的影响及其延续效应研究

研究日粮添加过瘤胃胆碱(RPC)对喀斯特山区奶牛泌乳性能及其延续效应的影响。以10头喀斯特山区泌乳盛期奶牛为试验动物,进行自身对照试验设计。试验按照对照期、正试期(试验Ⅰ期、试验Ⅱ期)、延续效应期(试验Ⅲ期)连续进行,每期12 d。其中,正试期RPC每头奶牛的添加水平为40 g/d;试验Ⅲ期停喂RPC以观察其是否可对奶产量产生延续效应。结果表明,对照期、试验Ⅰ期、试验Ⅱ期、试验Ⅲ期奶牛干物质采食量差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验Ⅰ期奶产量显著高于其他3期(25.5∶27.7∶26.5∶24.8 kg/d,P<0.05);正试期(试验Ⅰ期、试验Ⅱ期)奶产量显著高于对照期、延续效应期(25.5∶27.2∶24.8 kg/d,P<0.05);当停喂RPC后,延续效应期奶产量即下降至对照期水平(25.5∶24.8 kg/d,P>0.05)。奶成分不受日粮添加RPC的影响(P>0.05),乳脂、乳固型物含量数值上较对照期有所增加。由此可见,日粮添加RPC有利于提高喀斯特山区奶牛泌乳性能,但未对奶产量表现出延续效应,生产实践中需持续添加。     

Changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk during experimental Escherichia coli mastitis for primiparous Holstein dairy cows during early lactation

Background

The objective of this study was to characterize the changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk during IMI challenge with Escherichia coli (E. coli) for dairy cows during early lactation. Thirty, healthy primiparous Holstein cows were infused (h = 0) with ~20-40 cfu of live E. coli into one front mammary quarter at ~4-6 wk in lactation. Daily feed intake and milk yield were recorded. At –12, 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 156, 168, 180 and 192 h relative to challenge rectal temperatures were recorded and quarter foremilk was collected for analysis of shedding of E. coli. Composite milk samples were collected at -180, -132, -84, -36, -12, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 132 and 180 h relative to challenge (h = 0) and analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), somatic cell count, fat, protein, lactose, citrate, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), free glucose (fglu), and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). Blood was collected at -12, 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 60, 72, 84, 132 and 180 h relative to challenge and analyzed for plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), BHBA and glucose concentration. A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the effect of IMI challenge on metabolic responses of cows during early lactation.

Results

By 12 h, E. coli was recovered from challenged quarters and shedding continued through 72 h. Rectal temperature peaked by 12 h post-challenge and returned to pre-challenge values by 36 h post-IMI challenge. Daily feed intake and milk yield decreased (P <0.05) by 1 and 2 d, respectively, after mastitis challenge. Plasma BHBA decreased (12 h; P <0.05) from 0.96 ± 1.1 at 0 h to 0.57 ± 0.64 mmol/L by 18 h whereas concentration of plasma NEFA (18 h) and glucose (24 h) were significantly greater, 11 and 27%, respectively, after challenge. In milk, fglu, lactose, citrate, fat and protein yield were lower whereas yield of BHBA and G6P were higher after challenge when compared to pre-challenge values.

Conclusions

Changes in metabolites in blood and milk were most likely associated with drops in feed intake and milk yield. However, the early rise in plasma NEFA may also signify enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis. Lower concentrations of plasma BHBA may be attributed to an increase transfer into milk after IMI. Decreases in both milk lactose yield and % after challenge may be partly attributed to reduced conversion of fglu to lactose. Rises in G6P yield and concentration in milk after challenge (24 h) may signify increased conversion of fglu to G6P. Results identify changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk after IMI challenge with E. coli in dairy cows that may partly explain the partitioning of nutrients and changes in milk components after IMI for cows during early lactation.     

Energy requirements of Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred ewes during non-pregnancy and lactation

This experiment was conducted to investigate the energy requirement of Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred ewes during non-pregnancy and lactation. Fifteen ewes after parturition were randomly assigned to three treatments: ad libitum(100%) feed intake and 80 or 60% ad libitum intake, and another nine non-pregnant ewes were assigned to a blank control group. Digestibility trials were performed in the non-pregnant ewes and in the lactating ewes on the 20 th, 50 th, and 80 th d of lactation. In parallel with the digestibility trial, a respirometry experiment was conducted to determine the methane and carbon dioxide production with an open-circuit respirometry system that was equipped with respiratory chambers. The net energy(NE) and metabolizable energy(ME) requirements for maintenance and growth were calculated using the carbon and nitrogen balance method. The results revealed that the carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) excretions and energy losses at faeces and urine, as well as the output of methane and CO2, increased significantly with decreasing feed intake(P0.01). The apparent digestibilities of C in th e stages of non-pregnancy and early, middle and late lactation were 55.8–58.3%, 62.5–73.8%, 64.8–71.3%, and 61.7–65.0%, respectively, and the apparent digestibilities of N were 45.2–51.3%, 73.7–82.7%, 72.8–80.5%, and 73.6–76.5%, respectively. The corresponding energy apparent digestibilities were 52.0–56.3%, 60.7–76.6%, 61.0–68.8%, and 61.4–67.7%, respectively. The ME/DE(digestible energy) values were 79.5–85.9%, 79.4–83.5%, 81.0%–85.3% and 78.6–82.9%, respectively. The maintenance requirements of NE, ME, and the efficiencies of ME utilisation for maintenance during the stages of non-pregnancy and early, middle and late lactation were 215.5, 253.1, 247.7, and 244.7 k J kg~(–1) BW0.75 d, and 372.4, 327.1, 320.9, and 362.0 k J kg~(–1) BW0.75 d, and 0.58, 0.77, 0.77, and 0.68, respectively. The ME requirement for the growth of non-pregnant ewes was 31.3 MJ kg~(–1) BW gain.     

PREVIOUS CROPS AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS IN LETTUCE: EFFECTS ON YIELDS AND SOIL PROPERTIES

The use of organic amendments in agriculture could sustain crop production and preserve the agroecosystem, due to their importance in the conservation of organic matter in soil. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of differing organic fertilizers and of previous crops on lettuce growth, nutritional status and yields. The effects on soil characteristics were further investigated. The research was carried out during two years (2006 and 2007) at Metaponto (MT) in southern Italy, on lettuce crops cultivated after eggplant and melon to avoid their continuous cropping. The effects of application of a mineral fertilizer (MF), and of three treatments with organic fertilizers (commercial stable manure - OM; anaerobic digestate based on wine distillery wastewater - AD; composted municipal solid organic wastes coming from the separate collection - MSW) were studied. Head average weight, leaf area index, nitrate content and SPAD readings during the cropping cycles did not show significant differences among fertilizer treatments. On the contrary, marketable yield and head average weight at the harvest presented significantly different among the three organic fertilizers. The average marketable yield and head average weight of organic fertilizers experimental (AD and MSW treatments) decreased of 16 and 17%, respectively, compared to OM treatment. The previous melon crop influenced positively all analyzed parameters of the lettuce compared with previous eggplant crop. The previous melon crop reached the highest marketable yield with an increase of 59% compared with previous eggplant crop. Compared to the mineral fertilizer, the organic ones significantly increased the extracted fraction of soil organic carbon (6.9, 10.7 and 14.9% for OM, AD and MSW, respectively), without significant changes for the humic and fulvic content.     

饲粮磷水平对崂山奶山羊泌乳性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮磷水平对崂山奶山羊泌乳性能和血清生化指标的影响。选择体重(56.55±1.17)kg、产奶量(2.20±0.07)kg/d、泌乳中期的2胎健康崂山奶山羊30只,采用单因素随机分组设计,随机分成3组,每组10只,每只羊为1个重复。各组饲喂能量和蛋白质水平基本一致,磷水平分别为0.26%、0.36%及0.46%的饲粮。预试期15 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)饲粮磷水平对干物质采食量均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)0.36%组产奶量全期平均值较高,极显著高于0.26%组、0.46%组(P0.01),0.26%组与0.46%组差异不显著(P0.05);干物质采食量/产奶量、干物质采食量/4%标准乳产量均以0.36%组较低,极显著低于0.46%组(P0.01)。3)饲粮磷水平对乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳非脂固形物率、乳磷含量、乳钙含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。4)饲粮磷水平对血清中钙、磷、尿素氮含量及碱性磷酸酶活性均无显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,泌乳期崂山奶山羊饲粮磷水平以0.36%为宜。     

The Zinc and Copper Content of the Plasma of Sudanese Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

A study was undertaken to investigate the variations in the content of zinc and copper in the plasma of Sudanese camels (Camelus dromedarius). A total of 993 Arabi camels, aged 0.5-8 years, were used to assess the effect of season, age, sex and physiological status on the plasma concentrations of copper and zinc. There was an increase in the concentration of Cu and a decrease in the concentration of Zn in the plasma with age. The concentrations of both Cu and Zn in the plasma were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. The plasma copper concentrations in pregnant, low-lactating and high-lactating camels were 81.3 +/- 4.7, 59.7 +/- 6.1 and 61.3 +/- 5.5 microg/100 ml, respectively. The corresponding values for zinc were 51.0 +/- 8.9, 53.4 +/- 6.4 and 67.1 +/- 5.5 microg/100 ml, respectively. However, there was no effect of sex on the content of these minerals in the plasma.     

影响哺乳期羔羊生长的母羊因素分析

为探索母羊因素对哺乳期云上黑山羊羔羊生长发育的影响,根据母羊体重、胎次分别选取云上黑山羊初生羔羊90只和120只,公、母各半,从出生开始直至90日龄断奶,每10天进行1次体重测定,进行生长发育分析.结果表明:①母羊产后体重对羔羊初生重、哺乳期体重具有显著影响(P<0.05).母羔中,38～45 kg母羊组和48～62 ...     

泌乳阶段与产奶季节对初产奶牛牛乳体细胞数的影响

为探究初产奶牛牛乳体细胞数在不同泌乳阶段和产奶季节的变化规律,旨在为采取合理措施降低牛乳体细胞数和改善乳品质提供理论依据,研究以2012年5月至2013年4月期间选择2126头初产奶牛13168条DHI测定记录,以泌乳阶段和产奶季节及其两者的互作作为研究因子,分析泌乳阶段和产奶季节及其互作对初产奶牛牛乳体细胞数（SCC）变化规律的影响。结果表明,泌乳阶段和产奶季节及其互作对体细胞数评分（SCS）具有极显著的影响（P〈0．0001）。初产奶牛于泌乳早期牛乳SCC较高（294．16×10^3个／mL）,随着泌乳月龄的增加,SCC逐渐降低,泌乳中期（192．71×10^3个／mL）和泌乳晚期（185．51×10^3个／mL）牛乳SCC基本保持稳定;初产奶牛泌乳早期牛乳SCS比泌乳中期和泌乳晚期极显著升高（P〈0．01）;初产奶牛牛乳SCC冬季最高（312．72×10^3个／mL）,春季次之（236．48×10^3个／mL）,秋季最低（168．59×10^3个／mL）;初产奶牛冬春季牛乳SCS比夏秋季极显著升高（P〈0．01）。奶牛乳中体细胞数受胎次、泌乳月龄、产奶季节等因素的影响。产奶季节对SCC的影响主要反映了温度和湿度因素对奶牛的影响。     

Genome-wide association for milk production and lactation curve parameters in Holstein dairy cows

The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with 305-day milk yield and lactation curve parameters on primiparous (n = 9,910) and multiparous (n = 11,158) Holstein cows. The SNP solutions were estimated using a weighted single-step genomic BLUP approach and imputed high-density panel (777k) genotypes. The proportion of genetic variance explained by windows of 50 consecutive SNP (with an average of 165 Kb) was calculated, and regions that accounted for more than 0.50% of the variance were used to search for candidate genes. Estimated heritabilities were 0.37, 0.34, 0.17, 0.12, 0.30 and 0.19, respectively, for 305-day milk yield, peak yield, peak time, ramp, scale and decay for primiparous cows. Genetic correlations of 305-day milk yield with peak yield, peak time, ramp, scale and decay in primiparous cows were 0.99, 0.63, 0.20, 0.97 and −0.52, respectively. The results identified three windows on BTA14 associated with 305-day milk yield and the parameters of lactation curve in primi- and multiparous cows. Previously proposed candidate genes for milk yield supported by this work include GRINA, CYHR1, FOXH1, TONSL, PPP1R16A, ARHGAP39, MAF1, OPLAH and MROH1, whereas newly identified candidate genes are MIR2308, ZNF7, ZNF34, SLURP1, MAFA and KIFC2 (BTA14). The protein lipidation biological process term, which plays a key role in controlling protein localization and function, was identified as the most important term enriched by the identified genes.