百脉根早熟品系农艺性状初报

对里奥、迈瑞伯和百脉根早熟品系(源于迈瑞伯)在甘肃景泰的生长状况进行了观察,并对3个品种的物候期、产草量、越冬率等进行了比较.结果表明:早熟品系较其他2个品种物候期明显提前,生育天数明显缩短.早熟品系年均鲜、干草产量分别达42.593、10.553 t/hm2,迈瑞伯分别为29.490、7.562 t/hm2,早熟品系干、鲜草产量极显著高于迈瑞伯;里奥的干草产量为9.604 t/hm2,极显著低于早熟品系.试验结果还表明,早熟品系的生长速度及越冬率均优于迈瑞伯,其在景泰地区的生长表现良好.     

一种用于防止早熟收敛的改进遗传算法

针对遗传算法中的早熟收敛现象,提出了一种改进的遗传算法.该算法利用种群多样性算子产生较好的初始种群分布,并以该算子作为判断种群是否早熟收敛的依据.一旦出现早熟收敛或早熟收敛的趋势,则进行灾变,以恢复算法的进化能力.同时结合种群的最优个体和引入的随机种群,设计了一种包含选择、交叉算子的一般性算子,使算法能有效维持种群的多样性,快速找到全局最优解.     

An Andosol from Eastern Saxony,Germany

We tested whether a ‘Lockerbraunerde’ from the heights of the Zittauer Gebirge in Eastern Saxony exhibited andic properties and classified it according to the rules of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB, 1998). To achieve this, we characterized a selected soil by means of routine soil analysis; selective dissolution procedures; X‐ray diffraction (XRD); X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). We used field criteria (Thixotropy; NaF‐field test) to obtain a map of the spatial distribution of soils with potential andic properties. We found that the soil fulfilled all requirements to be classified as an Andosol. The composition of the colloidal phases was exactly intermediate between sil‐andic and alu‐andic. At the same time, the soil had a spodic horizon [determined through the depth function of the Al_o+½Fe_o criterion]. As there was no indication of vertical translocation of metal‐organic complexes, but sufficient evidence to suggest the downward movement of mobile Al/Si‐phases, we maintain to classify the soil as an Endoskeleti‐Umbric Andosol and propose the existence of a pedogenetic pathway intermediate between Podsolisation and Andosolization. We conclude that the spodic horizon in the WRB is not well defined because of the dominance of the Al_o+½Fe_o criterion over morphological evidence. We further suggest the German soil taxonomy to be modified to better represent soils containing short range order minerals.     

Fractionation of hydrolase-humus complexes by gel chromatography

Summary Purification of soil phosphatase-, urease-, casein- and benzoylarginamide-hydrolysing proteases was obtained by exhaustively ultrafiltering a soil extract using 0.1M pyrophosphate solution at pH 7.1, separating the retained material into fractions of molecular weight higher (A_I) and lower (A_II) than 10⁵ and eluting the fractions on gel chromatography.Three peaks of phosphatase and urease activity were obtained after gel chromatography of fraction A_I on Sephadex G200 using 0.1M pyrophosphate solution as eluant. Only one distinct activity peak was observed when casein- and benzoylarginamide-hydrolysing proteases were assayed in the eluted fractions. Elution diagrams obtained by gel chromatography of fraction A_II on Sephadex G100, using a water as eluant, were characterized by one peak each of phosphatase-, casein- and benzoylarginamide-hydrolysing activity and by two peaks of urease activity.Gel chromatography of both A_I and A_II, generally, but not always, increased specific activity on a C and N basis of derivative fractions. Both proteases showed the highest increase in specific activity due to a marked decrease in organic C and N and an increase in total activity.     

Growth responses and foliar sensitivities of native herbaceous species to ozone exposures

This paper reports on open-top chamber studies investigating the effects of different O₃ exposures on native herbaceous plant species. Plants were grown up from seeds, potted into natural soils and exposed to near-ambient O₃ levels during one growing season. A wide range of visible symptoms was apparent during the exposures. Species such as Rumex obtusifolius, Senecio vulgaris or Sonchus asper showed leaf colorations (e.g. reddish pigmentation) that probably indicate a non-specific stress response. In other species especially of the genera Malva and Cirsium the symptoms produced by O₃ appeared to be similar to those characteristic for O₃-specific foliar injury (stippling, flecking). In almost all species tested, O₃ caused premature leaf senescence, which was sometimes associated with premature leaf abscission. However, earlier senescence did not necessarily result in changes in plant growth. Of all species tested, Malva sylvestris was found to be the most sensitive in terms of growth reduction and lower seed production.     

Organic acid induced release of nutrients from metal-stabilized soil organic matter – The unbutton model

Processes of soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization and the reverse, destabilization of SOM resulting in subsequent release and mobilization of nutrients from SOM, remain largely unresolved. The perception of SOM as supramolecular aggregates built of low molecular mass biomolecules is currently emerging. Polyvalent metal cations contribute to SOM tertiary structure by bridging functional groups of such molecules (Simpson et al., 2002). The strong bond to metals protects high quality organic material from being immediately accessed and decomposed. Here we propose a three-step process by which low molecular mass organic acids (LMMOAs) and hydrolytic enzymes act in series to destabilize SOM supramolecules to release organic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for local hyphal and root uptake. Complexation of the stabilizing metals by fungal-released LMMOA gives fungal-root consortia direct access to organic substrates of good quality. Because of their small sizes and carboxyl group configuration, citric and oxalic acids are the most effective LMMOAs forming stable complexes with the main SOM bridging metals Ca and Al in SOM. Citrate, forming particularly strong complexes with the trivalent cations Al and Fe, is dominant in soil solutions of low-productive highly acidic boreal forest soils where mycorrhizal associations with roots are formed predominantly by fungi with hydrophobic hyphal surfaces. In these systems mycelia participate in the formation of N-containing SOM with a significant contribution from strong Al bridges. In less acidic soils of temperate forests, including calcareous influenced soils, SOM is stabilized predominantly by Ca bridges. In such systems mycorrhizal fungi with more hydrophilic surfaces dominate, and oxalic acid, forming strong bidentate complexes with Ca, is the most common LMMOA exuded. A plant-fungus driven biotic mechanism at the supramolecular aggregate level (10³–10⁵ Da) resolves micro-spatial priming of SOM, where the destabilization step is prerequisite for subsequent release of nutrients.     

仿酶催化脱木质素研究进展

综述了目前金属配合物仿酶催化脱木质素的研究现状及发展趋势，着重评价了卟啉类和非卟啉类金属配合物作为木质素氧化降解的仿酶催化剂的效果，对金属配合物仿酶催化脱木质素技术的应用前景进行了展望。金属卟啉配合物由于在相对温和的条件下具有较高的催化活性而受到瞩目。氯代铁卟啉由于氯原子对卟啉骨架环的保护作用而十分稳定，表现出高活性及可循环性。卟啉中心金属离子的种类也对脱木质素的催化活性产生影响。由于金属卟啉配合物的成本较高，因而给实际应用带来一定困难。非卟啉金属配合物如金属酞菁、Gif体系、希夫碱等，由于具有较高的催化活性和选择性以及易于合成等特点正倍受关注。     

几种杂环有机锡(Ⅳ)Schiff碱配合物的合成与表征

通过二苄基二氯化锡与双缩Schiff碱反应，合成了8种新的杂环有机锡（Ⅵ）配合物．通过元素分析、红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱、核磁共振氢谱等物理化学测试，推测了它们的可能结构．结果证明，这些物质均为六配位有机锡化合物．     

不同打顶留杈方法对早花烟株产量及质量性状的影响

探讨不同打顶留杈方法对早花烟株产量及质量性状的影响。以烤烟品种云烟97为材料,采取留杈叶位与打顶方式双因子设计,打顶方式为扣心打顶、现蕾打顶和初花打顶,留杈叶位为倒一叶、倒二叶和倒三叶,以不打顶作为对照(CK),共设10个处理。结果表明,现蕾打顶倒二叶留杈烟株生长发育良好,平均产量、产值、均价、中上等烟比例最高,外观质量良好,化学成分更趋于协调,感官质量总分最高。现蕾打顶倒二叶留杈有效降低早花对烟株的影响,是出现早花现象后对烟株产量和质量的有效弥补措施。     

QRS complexes detection using quadratic b-spline wavelet transform algorithm

Aiming at the low accuracy and low adaptability of wave detection, a QRS complexes detection algorithm is proposed based on quadratic b-spline wavelet, while combined with binary search algorithm and arc approximating curve algorithm. The signal is decomposed with quadratic b-spline wavelet through Mallat algorithm and the R wave is detected by adjusting the threshold with binary search and modulus maximumizing. The T wave and P wave are detected by using arc approximating curve algorithm based on the least square. This algorithm is certified with the ECG signals from MIT-BIH database and is demonstrated that the algorithm enhanced the adaptability of R wave detection and improved the accuracy of T wave and P wave detection. The simulation experiment shows that the improved algorithm can effectively improve the automatic detection capabilities of ECG signals.