大白菜甲、乙型核不育系的转育

根 据复等 位基因遗 传假说, 利用已知 基因型 的甲、乙型 雄性 不育“两 用系”,经 过４ 个世代的 杂交选 育,获得了 新甲型“两用系”,临时保持 系和稳 定遗传的 雄性不 育系。     

A rapid real-time PCR assay for detecting columnar growth in apples (Malus × domestica)

Columnar growth in apples can have considerable positive consequences for orchard maintenance, but the lack of columnar cultivars producing fruits with desired market quality prevents their broader utilization in orchards. New crossings focused on their breeding are therefore conducted throughout the world every year. Unfortunately, the reliable discrimination between columnar growth and normal phenotype is difficult until seedlings are 2–3 years of age. However, molecular marker–assisted selection (MAS) can be used in seedlings several weeks old providing immense help in breeding programmes focused on columnar apple production. Here, we describe a rapid and reliable method for the detection of both wild-type (WT) and columnar (Co) alleles originating from ‘McIntosh Wijcik’ in a single reaction using a real-time PCR allelic discrimination approach. Our assay was tested in 130 genotypes (80 normal and 50 columnar habit) from various crossings and their parents, and in all cases, genotype corresponded to phenotype. The assay is thus suitable for laboratories interested in high-throughput MAS for columnar tree habit breeding.     

Genome‐wide association study for plasma very low‐density lipoprotein concentration in chicken

The plasma very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentration is an effective blood biochemical indicator that could be used to select lean chicken lines. In the current study, we used Genome‐wide association study (GWAS) method to detect SNPs with significant effects on plasma VLDL concentration. As a result, 38 SNPs significantly associated with plasma VLDL concentration were identified using at least one of the three mixed linear model (MLM) packages, including GRAMMAR, EMMAX and GEMMA. Nearly, all these SNPs with significant effects on plasma VLDL concentration (except Gga_rs16160897) have significantly different allele frequencies between lean and fat lines. The 1‐Mb regions surrounding these 38 SNPs were extracted, and twelve important regions were obtained after combining the overlaps. A total of 122 genes in these twelve important regions were detected. Among these genes, LRRK2, ABCD2, TLR4, E2F1, SUGP1, NCAN, KLF2 and RAB8A were identified as important genes for plasma VLDL concentration based on their basic functions. The results of this study may supply useful information to select lean chicken lines.     

等位基因特异性表达形成机制及其应用的研究进展

基因作为遗传信息的介质,决定了生物的性状表现。基因序列变异的发生是生物体适应环境变化的必然趋势。在二倍体生物中等位基因是一对控制着相对性状的基因,因此,等位基因特异性表达效应根据细胞类型和发育阶段的不同而变化,表现出不同个体之间的差异。等位基因差异表达对基因的表达起到重要的调控作用,并最终可能与生物的表型多态性联系起来。等位基因特异性表达分析已经在动物研究中得到广泛应用,有助于提高鉴定调控遗传变异的能力。对等位基因特异性表达的形成机制及其应用研究进展进行了综述,以期为进一步揭示等位基因特异性表达的遗传学机制,以及加快其在动物生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

Mining Elite Alleles of Growth Duration and Productive Panicle Number per Plant by Association Mapping with Conditional Phenotypic Value in Japonica Rice

To provide genetic information and materials for breeding hybrid japonica rice with wide adaptability and strong competitive advantage of yield,elite alleles and their carrier varieties of growth duration (GD) and productive panicle number per plant (PN) were detected.A natural population composed of 94 japonica varieties was phenotyped for the GD,PN and plant height (PH) in two environments.The conditional phenotypic data were transferred by the linear model method in software QGAStation 1.0,and association mapping based on the unconditional and conditional phenotype values of GD and PN was analyzed by using general linear model in software TASSEL.A total of 34 simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker loci associated with GD and PN were detected in the two environments.Among them,15 were associated with GD,and 19 were associated with PN.Four elite alleles of RM8095-120bp,RM7102-176bp,RM72-170bp and RM72-178bp were associated with GD,and their carrier varieties were Hongmangshajing,Nipponbare,Hongmangshajing and Nannongjing 62401,respectively.These elite alleles from the carrier varieties can shorten GD by 2.03 9.93 d when they were introduced into improved materials.RM72-182bp associated with PN was an elite allele,and its carrier variety was Xiaoqingzhong.It can increase PN by three when introduced into improved materials.Moreover,these elite alleles can be used to improve target traits without influencing another two traits.     

甘蓝型油菜粒色遗传的复等位模型假说

通过分析GH06×94005和GH06×A800两组合各世代粒色分离情况,提出复等位遗传模型假说。据此模型,较好地解释了两组合各世代粒色显隐性遗传关系。有关复等位遗传模型假说的应用范围也做了初步讨论。     

小麦Wx基因突变体的建立及其淀粉特性的研究

以小麦品种藁城8901为母本，糯麦1号为父本，用“单粒传”法构建了一个含有8种Wx基因突变类型的重组自交系群体 (RIL) 。应用改良的SDS-PAGE方法对RIL-7的Wx基因突变类型进行检测，发现在228个株系中，正常类型的株系有34个，Wx-A1突变体为26个，Wx-B1突变体为32个，Wx-D1突变体30个，Wx-A1和Wx-B1位点同时突变的有28个，Wx-A1和Wx-D1位点同时突变的有20个，Wx-B1和Wx-D1位点同时突变的为28个，3个Wx基因位点均突变的为16个。卡方测验证明，3个Wx基因位点的突变符合孟德尔遗传规律，属于质量性状遗传。田间试验表明，8种类型之间在初花期、株高和穗粒数上无显著差异，但在穗长、每穗小穗数和千粒重上Wx-A1突变型显著低于其他7种类型，而7种类型间无显著差异。淀粉特性研究表明，不同Wx蛋白缺失显著影响直链淀粉含量、淀粉糊化特性和淀粉凝胶的质构剖面分析 (TPA) 特性。正常类型的直链淀粉含量最高(20.8%)，糯麦的最低(1.1%)。糯麦淀粉的峰值黏度和稀澥值较高，但其低谷黏度、最终黏度和反弹值较低，与其他缺失类型间差异达5%显著水平。凝胶的TPA测试表明，随着直链淀粉含量的降低，凝胶的硬度、黏着性、弹性、胶着性和咀嚼性显著降低，而黏聚性和回复性显著升高。直链淀粉含量与糊化特性的低谷黏度、最终黏度、反弹值、峰值时间和糊化温度之间正相关达1%显著水平(r=0.892~0.965)，与峰值黏度、稀澥值呈1%水平负相关( r=－0.892, r=－0.945)；直链淀粉含量与凝胶TPA参数的黏聚性、回复性呈极显著负相关(r=－0.928, r=－0.829)，与凝胶的硬度、黏着性、弹性、胶着性和咀嚼性呈极显著正相关( r=0.869~0.979)。