我国黄淮和南方主要大豆育成品种家族产量和品质优异等位变异在系谱中遗传的研究

以往研究育成品种间的遗传关系只能通过系谱追踪进行一般性分析, 分子标记的发掘则提供了在位点及其等位变异基础上分析育成品种间遗传关系的手段。本研究在黄淮和南方190份大豆育成品种的85个SSR标记与农艺性状关联分析基础上, 将其中163份品种按系谱祖先归为58-161、徐豆1号、齐黄1号、南农493-1、南农1138-2五个家族, 对产量和品质性状进行优异等位变异在系谱中传承情况的分析。所涉及的最佳位点, 产量9个、百粒重3个、蛋白质含量2个、脂肪含量4个, 总解释率分别为91%、36%、13%和31%。每位点考查2个最优等位变异, 家族系谱祖先具有各自的优异等位变异, 随着育种轮次的增加在后育成品种中有丢失; 在系谱祖先基础上新品种衍生过程中吸纳其他亲本, 5个家族趋向共有大部分优异等位变异, 但频率分布不同。5个家族的品种所含有产量最多优异等位变异数未达饱和, 9个位点中最高含7个优异等位变异, 平均每个品种2.23个, 产量有进一步改良潜力。供试条件下高产品种平均产量是低产的2.36倍, 平均优异等位变异数是低产的4.17倍, 高、低产品种优异等位变异构成差异明显, 但高产品种间优异等位变异构成并不相同。也有的品种高产而优异等位变异数并不多, 有的品种优异等位变异较多但产量并不高。大豆育种不断从不同亲本中累积目标性状优异等位变异, 同时有些也在丢失, 应重视保存过时品种的优异等位变异, 以备后用。     

Chromosome Mapping,Expression and Polymorphism Analysis of CRABP1 Gene in Pigs

Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 1 (CRABP1) is a well-conserved member of cytosolic lipid-binding protein family. It is an important modulator of retinoic acid signaling. Long serial analysis of gene expression (LongSAGE) analysis suggested that CRABP1 gene was differentially expressed during prenatal skeletal muscle development in porcine. Here, we obtained the full-length coding region sequence and genomic sequence of the porcine CRABP1 gene and analyzed its genomic structures. Subsequently, we examined CRABP1 chromosome assignment using INRA-University of Minnesota 7 000 porcine radiation hybrid panel (IMpRH) and explored its tissue distribution in adult Tongcheng pigs and dynamical expression profiles in prenatal skeletal muscle (33, 65 and 90 days post coitus, dpc) from Landrace (lean-type) (described as L33, L65 and L90) and Tongcheng pigs (obese-type) (described as T33, T65 and T90). The CRABP1 gene was mapped to chromosome 7q11-q23 and closely linked to the microsatellite marker SWR1928. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that CRABP1 mRNA was highly expressed in lung and stomach, moderately expressed in placenta and uterus, and weakly expressed in other tissues. Moreover, CRABP1 gene was down-regulated during prenatal skeletal muscle development in both Landrace and Tongcheng pigs and it was expressed much higher in T33 than L33. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected by sequencing and mass spectrometry methods, allele frequency analysis indicated that g. 281 (G>A) and g. 2992 (G>A) were deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the Landrace and DLY (Duroc×(Landrace×Yorkshire)) pig breeds.     

基于优异等位基因的棉花抗黄萎病性状的分子鉴定

【目的】发掘棉花抗黄萎病相关的优异等位基因,利用优异等位基因对棉花抗黄萎病性状进行分子检测,实现对抗病性的快速鉴定和对抗病基因型的直接选择,有效解决当前抗病性鉴定周期长、抗病性选择效率低的技术难题。【方法】选用125份陆地棉优异种质,分别采用田间黄萎病病圃鉴定和温室接种鉴定对材料进行抗黄萎病鉴定,分析材料的抗病性变异;通过筛选前期获得的与棉花抗黄萎病表型显著关联的优异等位基因位点并计算其效应值,分析不同材料中含有的优异等位基因数目及其优异等位基因效应值之和,研究利用优异等位基因位点进行棉花抗黄萎病预测的可行性,并比较基于优异等位基因位点的抗病性分子鉴定与传统抗病性表型鉴定的相关性。【结果】陆地棉在黄萎病抗性方面表现出广泛的变异,125份种质材料在田间病圃鉴定条件下和温室鉴定条件下的抗黄萎病相对病指变化范围分别为10.10—76.6和17.01—72.63;基于前期的研究结果共筛选到40个抗黄萎病优异等位基因,效应值的变化范围为-8.20—-0.39,每份材料含有的优异等位基因数目为1—24个,每份材料中的优异等位基因效应值之和的变化范围为-92.37—-0.86;相关性分析结果表明,每份材料中含有的优异等位基因效应值之和与材料的抗黄萎病相对病指极显著正相关,病圃鉴定与温室鉴定条件下两者的相关系数分别为0.616和0.566;材料的优异等位基因数目与材料的抗黄萎病相对病指极显著负相关,病圃鉴定与温室鉴定条件下两者的相关系数分别为-0.618和-0.535。【结论】棉花种质材料中含有的优异等位基因数目、优异等位基因效应值之和与材料的抗黄萎病相对病指间存在显著相关性,表明抗黄萎病优异等位基因的累加具有明显提高抗病性的作用,材料所含有的优异等位基因数目和优异等位基因效应值之和在一定程度上可以反映材料抗病性的强弱,从而实现对抗病性的分子鉴定。     

The T allele at the g.1471620G>T in the EDG1 gene associated with high marbling in Japanese Black cattle is at a low frequency in breeds not selected for marbling

Our previous study detected a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), g.1471620G > T , in the 5' flanking region of the endothelial differentiation sphingolipid G-protein-coupled receptor 1 ( EDG1 ) gene, which has been considered as a positional functional candidate for the gene responsible for marbling, and showed association of the g.1471620G > T SNP with marbling in Japanese Black beef cattle. In the present study, we investigated the allele frequency distribution of the g.1471620G > T SNP among the 5 cattle breeds, Japanese Black, Japanese Brown, Japanese Short Horn, Holstein, and Brown Swiss breeds. The T allele at the g.1471620G > T SNP associated with high marbling was found at high frequency in Japanese Black breed that has been subjected to a strong selection for high marbling, while the allele was absent or at very low frequencies in the other breeds that have not been strongly selected for high marbling. Based on this finding, we hypothesized that the pressure of the strong selection for high marbling in Japanese Black breed has increased the frequency of the T allele at the g.1471620G > T SNP in the EDG1 .     

水稻直穗散穗性状的初步研究

在均为散穗穗型的亲本香粳9407和IRBB60配制的RIL群体中,发现5个家系中直立穗型和散穗穗型表现出3∶1的分离。对控制直立穗型性状的基因进行了分子标记定位,定位在第9染色体上基因座位LOC_Os09g26999处,在纯合直穗株系中该基因缺失了637bp,导致蛋白质的翻译提前终止,并有56个氨基酸改变。最后,对直立穗型等位基因的来源进行了探讨。     

籼稻背景下抑制不同ALK等位基因表达对稻米品质的影响

【目的】稻米糊化温度是影响稻米品质的重要指标，该性状受主效基因ALK/SSII-3调控，ALK基因具有多个复等位基因，本研究旨在通过RNAi技术明确籼稻亚种中两个不同ALK等位基因的效应。【方法】以分别含有ALKc和ALKb等位基因的高糊化温度品种珍汕97B和低糊化温度品种龙特甫B为试验材料，使用RNAi技术构建ALK表达下调的转基因株系，通过对其稻米理化品质的测定来明确不同等位基因表达下调对稻米品质的影响。【结果】对不同转基因水稻目的基因的表达分析显示本研究中转基因株系的ALK基因受到了不同程度的干扰。重点分析了不同RNAi株系稻米的糊化温度，结果表明珍汕97B的RNAi转基因稻米的糊化温度极显著降低，而在低糊化温度品种龙特甫B背景中下调表达ALK基因后对糊化温度的影响较小；转基因株系与未转化亲本相比，米粉的起始糊化温度都显著降低，表现为提前糊化；在珍汕97B背景下干扰系的峰值温度与未转化亲本相比极显著降低，而在龙特甫背景下米粉的峰值温度与未转化对照相比显著降低。对不同转基因系的理化品质分析表明，ALK下调表达植株稻米的表观直链淀粉含量显著增加，下调表达ALK后会引起米粉峰值黏度和崩解值的改变。高糊化温度品种珍汕97B干扰系与未转化对照相比胶稠度呈现极显著性差异，而低糊化温度品种龙特甫干扰系的胶稠度与未转化对照相比没有差异。【结论】下调表达ALK等位基因对稻米理化品质产生显著影响，并且干扰不同等位基因的效应存在明显差异，即籼稻中的两个ALK等位基因的效应存在显著差异。     

大白菜核不育复等位基因的鉴定与分布

为摸清大白菜核不育复等位基因在3种生态型大白菜品系中的分布特性,利用基因型为MsMs的大白菜纯合显性雄性不育株为母本,与68个正常可育的直筒、卵圆和平头型大白菜可育品系杂交,统计后代育性分离比例,鉴定各品系基因型,计算不同生态型可育品系在核不育位点上的基因频率和基因型频率。结果表明,直筒型大白菜可育品系以纯合隐性基因型msms为主,占71.43%。可育基因ms频率为76.79%,恢复基因Msf频率为23.21%;卵圆型大白菜可育品系3种基因型MsfMsf,Msfms和msms分别占42.42%,39.40%和18.18%。Msf基因频率为62.12%,ms基因频率为37.88%;平头型大白菜可育品系以纯合隐性基因型msms为主,占57.14%。Msf基因频率为33.33%,ms基因频率为66.67%。直筒型和平头型大白菜可育品系的核不育复等位基因位点上以ms基因为主,而卵圆型大白菜可育品系的核不育复等位基因位点上以Msf基因为主。     

中国栽培和野生大豆农艺及品质性状与SSR标记的关联分析 II. 优异等位变异的发掘

在前文研究已检出与农艺品质性状显著关联的SSR位点的基础上, 本文进一步对与性状关联位点的等位变异作解析, 通过将携带某等位变异的所有材料表型均值与携带无效等位基因(null allele)材料表型均值做比较, 估计等位变异的潜在表型效应增量(减量), 进一步利用该信息估计位点增效(减效)等位变异的平均效应, 鉴别出一批农艺品质性状优异位点、等位变异及携带优异等位变异的载体材料。发现在栽培及野生种质中检出的优异等位变异有同、有异、有互补性。发现关联位点正、负效应等位变异均值间有差异, 可根据育种目标性状选择要求, 选取适合的位点及相应等位变异。同一标记位点可与多性状关联, 其等位变异在不同性状间各有其表型效应的方向和大小; 等位变异在相关性状效应上方向、大小的异同解释了性状间正、负相关的遗传原因。关联作图得到的信息可以弥补家系连锁法QTL定位信息的不足, 并直接利用等位变异信息进行亲本选拔、组合选配及后代等位条带辅助选择以提高育种成效。     

Analysis of Pina and Pinb alleles in the micro-core collections of Chinese wheat germplasm by Ecotilling and identification of a novel Pinb allele

Kernel hardness is mainly conditioned by allelic variations of Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 genes located on the short arm of chromosome 5D. In this work, the Ecotilling approach was optimized to investigate Pina and Pinb alleles in the micro-core collections of Chinese wheat germplasm, and three Pina and eight Pinb alleles were found. Generally, more Pinb alleles were detected in the accessions coming from the regions that grow winter or a mixture of spring and winter wheats. This was particularly evident for the Southwestern winter wheat, Xinjiang winter–spring wheat and Yellow and Huai River Valley winter wheat regions. A novel variant (designated as Pinb-D1x) was discovered in one of the accessions from the Xinjiang winter–spring wheat region. Compared to wild type (WT) allele Pinb-D1a, two nucleotide substitutions occurred in the coding region of Pinb-D1x, one (at nucleotide position 257) resulting in the replacement of a WT cysteine residue by tyrosine and the other (at nucleotide position 382) creating a premature stop codon. The implications of our data to understanding the diversity of Pina and Pinb alleles in wheat and to future molecular breeding of wheat kernel hardness are discussed.     

籼稻背景下导入Wx~(in)等位基因改良稻米食味和理化品质

水稻Wx~b等位基因已广泛用于籼稻的品质改良,但携带该等位基因的一些籼稻米饭往往偏软,仍需进一步改良。为明确籼稻背景下导入Wxin等位基因对稻米食味品质和理化品质的效应,分别以携带Wxin的IR64和携带Wx~b的9311为供体,以携带Wxa的籼稻SIR3611 (3611)为受体,基于分子标记辅助选择,通过杂交和连续回交的方式构建了3611背景下携带Wxin和Wx~b的近等基因系。系统比较了不同近等基因系间的农艺性状以及稻米的食味和理化品质。结果表明,近等基因系与受体亲本3611的主要农艺性状基本接近,无显著差异。NIL(Wxin)稻米的表观直链淀粉含量较亲本3611极显著下降而胶稠度极显著增加。NIL(Wx~b)稻米表观直链淀粉含量最低且与之对应的胶稠度最高。近等基因系NIL(Wxin)和NIL(Wx~b)稻米的食味值较亲本极显著提高。NIL(Wx~(in))和NIL(Wx~b)稻米的GBSSI丰度与对应的表观直链淀粉含量具有明显的正相关。稻米粉的黏滞性谱、热糊化特性和晶体结构与直链淀粉含量显著相关性。本研究为在我国籼稻品种品质改良中有效利用Wxin等位基因提供了重要依据。