栽培和调制措施对烟草茄酮含量的影响

茄酮是烟叶的主体香味成分之一,世界卷烟降焦减害的趋势使得烟草工业对以茄酮为核心的香料需求越来越迫切。因此,提高烟草茄酮含量,对提高卷烟香气品质和安全性具有重要意义。综述了栽培（水分、留叶数、植物生长调节剂、施肥种类和水平及其他措施）和调制措施（烟叶成熟度、烘烤条件和陈化时间）等因素对烟草茄酮含量的影响。     

不同栽培条件对香菇甲醛含量的影响

研究了不同的木屑种类、香菇品种、出菇管理模式等对香菇中甲醛含量的影响。结果表明：栽培香菇的主要原料木屑中存在微量甲醛,树种不同其甲醛含量不同;不同树种木屑培养料栽培获得的子实体中甲醛含量差异不显著,且明显低于木屑中甲醛含量;香菇不同品种间子实体中甲醛含量差异不显著;栽培模式不同,香菇子实体中甲醛含量差异明显,其中大棚式栽培最低,为15．10mg／kg,层架式栽培模式为16．50mg／kg,覆土式栽培模式最高,达22．13mg／kg。     

绿枝高接换优技术在葡萄上的应用

葡萄是辽宁省朝阳市喀左县主要果树之一,为了促进葡萄产业的发展,果树站引进了大粒早熟鲜食葡萄新品种"香悦"。为尽快在喀左地区推广,提高经济效益,在老葡萄园采取绿枝高接换优技术,经过试验,这项技术节本增效,增产增收效果显著。本文根据试验结果,综述绿枝高接换优技术。     

2008年秋大棚黄瓜生产技术总结

为落实北京市政府大力发展设施农业的政策,提高京郊设施黄瓜生产技术水平,增加农民收入,北京市农业技术推广站特安排了秋大棚黄瓜品种比较试验、栽培密度试验、播种期试验,并举办秋大棚黄瓜高产竞赛。试验结果表明,品种北京204、中农4号、中农16号、中农1号和秋棚2号综合表现较好,最适宜的栽培密度为4000株/667m2,最佳播种期为7月16日。高产竞赛667m2平均产量比全市平均增产1200.4kg,产值比全市平均增加3179元。通过对试验和高产竞赛的分析,总结出2008年度秋大棚黄瓜生产中的栽培技术经验及问题对策。     

玉米新品种东315丰产栽培综合农艺措施优化方案的研究

采用三元二次通用回归旋转组合设计,研究了密度、施氮、施钾肥与玉米新品种东315产量之间的关系,建立了数学模型,通过分析寻优得出639.1 kg/667m2以上产量水平的农艺措施组合方案.在当前生产条件下,要获得高产,保证玉米新品种东315的密度是关键,注重施氮肥,配合施钾肥可以达到投资少、产量高、经济效益显著的目标.     

Direct-seeded rice culture in Sri Lanka: Lessons from farmers

About 95% of the rice grown in Sri Lanka is direct-seeded (wet- and dry-seeding). The average rough rice yield in irrigated predominantly direct-seeded dry zone (DZ) is about 5.0 t ha⁻¹and in the wet zone (WZ) it is about 3.3 t ha⁻¹. However the average realizable yield in DZ and WZ are 8 t ha⁻¹ and 5 t ha⁻¹ respectively. A survey was conducted to understand the cultural practices, farmers’ perceptions and the reasons for the yield gap in direct-seeded rice culture in Sri Lanka. Farmers’ seed rate ranged from 87 to 220 kg ha⁻¹ for intermediate bold-type varieties and from 71 to 176 kg ha⁻¹ for varieties with short round grains. About 90% of the farmers in the DZ and the intermediate zone (IZ) consider both yield potential and duration as criteria in selecting a variety. Among the farmers surveyed, only 21% of the farmers in the DZ, 13% of the farmers in the IZ, and 29% of the farmers in the WZ adhered to the recommended method of basal fertilizer application. Farmers did not adhere to the correct timing of fertilizer application. More than 50% of the cost for rice farming goes to labor, followed by cost of inputs in all climatic zones. Farmers reported that the most important production constraint for direct-seeded rice in the DZ and IZ is the non availability of reliable labor followed by soil problems and weeds. While in the WZ, it is the soil problems specially iron toxicity followed by lower soil fertility. The survey revealed that smaller land holding size, non adherence to the optimum time of farm activity initiation, less efficient use of rain water, higher seed rate and higher cost of production are a few reasons for the existing yield gap. Location-specific technologies for different agro-ecological zones of Sri Lanka should be developed to reduce the cost of production and to increase resource-use efficiency and should be transferred to the farmers to achieve sustainable optimum direct-seeded rice yields.     

Soil Nutrients Status after Fifty Years of Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization

Long-term studies are valuable in assessing the impact of crop management practices on soil sustainability and function. This study used two calculation scenarios, fixed depth and Equivalent Soil Mass (ESM) to assess (i) soil nutrient status and (ii) soil organic carbon (SOC) after 50 years of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates (0, 22, 45, and 67 kg N ha^?1) and tillage [clean tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no-tillage (NT)] in a dryland winter wheat-sorghum-fallow cropping system. The soil organic matter (SOM) content increased by 33% with NT and RT compared with CT. The SOC at 0–30 cm was 39% greater than 30–60 cm depth with both fixed depth and ESM calculations. Soil nutrient specifically soil calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) associated with N rates were no different than the control. Crop nutrient removal may eventually reduce soil nutrient contents with only N application. Nutrient addition specifically P should be considered in the future.     

我国农业技术推广主体的行为实践研究

农业技术推广涉及众多相对独立的行为主体,各主体的自身发展、行为实践及相互协作程度,影响着农业技术推广的进程和力度。本文基于陕西、甘肃、河北等8省调研,采取案例研究和对比方法,总结归纳我国农技推广各主体的行为实践和经验,为完善农技推广体系提供对策建议。研究表明,我国公益性农技推广职能得到全面履行,引导和规范了社会化服务、建设了类型多样试验示范基地、探索了效率优先的工作新机制、实现了对现代农业的有力支撑。我国公益性和经营性农技推广主体探索了延伸式服务、合作式服务、引导式服务、农技综合服务、农业信息化服务、技术示范带动服务和托管式技术服务7种模式,教学科研机构创新了科技小院、试验示范站、四体融合、三位一体和技术总承包等5种模式。然而,不同主体农技推广过程中,存在基层公益性农技推广主体活力不足、经营性服务组织能力不强、教学科研主体创新不够、多元化主体融合度不高等问题。因此,需要从深化基层农技推广机构改革、扶持经营性主体发展壮大、推进农科教推一体化建设、建立政府主导多元协同推广机制等方面加以完善。     

森林生态系统中土壤有机质组分的固态13C核磁共振波谱表征

Forest management practices such as prescribed burning and thinning in forest ecosystems may alter the properties of soil organic matter (SOM).In this study,surface soils from field plots in the Bankhead National Forest,Alabama,USA,were used to investigate possible SOM transformations induced by thinning and burning.Elemental analysis and solid-state 13C cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy were used to characterize SOM fractions in whole soils,humic substances,and density fractions.Our data revealed that the changes in SOM fractions due to the repeated burning carried out in the forest ecosystem studied were involved mainly with alkyl C,O-alkyl C,and carbohydrate functional groups,implying that most prominent reactions that occurred involved dehydrogenation,de-oxygenation,and decarboxylation.In addition,burning and thinning might have also affected the distribution and composition of free and occluded particulate SOM fractions.The limited structural changes in SOM fractions suggested that low-intensity prescribed fire in the forest ecosystem studied will not create major structural changes in SOM fractions.