中东欧前社会主义国家森林私有化概况与发展趋势

概括介绍了中东欧前社会主义国家林权私有化的现状、面临的种种挑战和发展趋势。     

Landowner perceptions and the adoption of agroforestry practices in southern Ontario,Canada

A mail-out survey questionnaire was developed by the Agroforestry group at the University of Guelph to determine the level of awareness and interest in the adoption of agroforestry systems by landusers from four townships in Wellington County, Ontario. The questionnaire investigated: (1) the current level of knowledge regarding windbreaks, woodlots and plantations, intereropping, riparian plantations and silvipasture, (2) the present level of participation in each of these systems on-farm, (3) the perceived benefits and/or drawbacks of each of these initiatives with respect to total farm income, income diversity, land rehabilitation, land value/equity, soil/water conservation, labour intensity, overhead and return on the term of investment.The majority of respondents were familiar with conventional agroforestry systems such as windbreaks and woodlots/plantations (80%, 62% respectively), therefore the level of interest in the adoption of these practices was significant (74%, 66% respectively). Response rates were lower for silvipasture, riparian plantations and intercropping, most likely as result of the low level of familiarity with these practices (20%, 32%, 4% respectively). Respondents commented that agroforestry systems would have a neutral effect on farm income, and would increase land stewardship. In some cases, interested landusers indicated a willingness to participate in agroforestry systems even though they anticipated increases in overhead and labour intensity; however, this was only true if they held land stewardship as a priority. Landusers were more concerned with the economic aspects of agroforestry, as a determinant to the future adoptability of particular practices. Age, gender, farm operation and farm size were not correlated with the adoption of agroforestry systems.The success of agroforestry programs on farms in the study area is largely dependent on the attitudes and willingness of landusers to participate in non-traditional agricultural systems.     

Mapping the territory: agroforestry awareness among Washington State land managers

There is growing interest in research to develop potential agroforestry models for temperate climates. In Washington State, recent studies and anecdotal information suggest that agroforestry is already employed by land managers, and if so, this experience should inform future research efforts. Because this population is not well defined, a mail survey was designed to: 1) Assess Washington land manager awareness of agroforestry, 2) assess perceptions of agroforestry as a land management tool, 3) assess the perceived potential opportunities or obstacles for land managers to practice agroforestry, and 4) identify landowner groups believed to be practicing agroforestry in Washington State.Three groups of land managers were surveyed: employees of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service (WSUCE) and OTHER, consisting of university faculty, private land managers, State and Federal land managers and owners of small natural resource businesses.Agroforestry was not a new concept for most (94%) respondents, further 55% of those familiar with agroforestry were practicing agroforestry or providing advice to landowners who were practicing agroforestry. Use in (government mandated) soil conservation plans on farmland (100% of all respondents) was the most frequently cited potential application for agroforestry in the state followed by range and pasture land and managing non-commercial forest land (both 84%), use on commercial forest plantation (83%) and fruit and nut orchards (61%).Diversifies land use (25%), enhanced productivity (18%), aesthetics (13%) and income diversity (13%) were the four most frequently cited potential advantages to practicing agroforestry. Lack of information (28%), lack of technical assistance (18%), establishment costs (14%) and not an established practice (14%) were the most frequently identified potential obstacles to practicing agroforestry. Respondents suggested there is great potential for application of agroforestry throughout the state, and non-industrial private forest land owners were selected for future study of this potential.     

深翻、有机无机肥配施对稻田水分渗漏和氮素淋溶的影响

【目的】针对我国长江中下游地区稻麦轮作区常年浅耕与不合理施肥导致的土壤犁底层增厚与土壤板结的问题,研究深耕（打破部分犁底层）与施肥方式对稻田土壤容重、土壤紧实度、土壤水分渗漏量、氮素淋溶量及氮素形态的影响,阐明稻田氮素淋溶量与耕作、施肥方式的响应机制,为稻田合理耕层构建提供理论依据。【方法】（1）基于2015年安徽省舒城县设置两种耕作方式（旋耕12 cm、深翻20 cm）、3种等氮量施肥方式（仅施化肥处理T1、秸秆还田配施化肥处理T2、有机与无机肥配施处理T3）的田间定位试验,2019—2020年监测土壤容重与紧实度以及稻季水分渗漏与氮素淋溶量。（2）通过原状土柱模拟试验,研究深翻30 cm（打破犁底层）对稻田水分渗漏量的影响。【结果】（1）田间试验结果表明,深翻20 cm较旋耕12 cm降低了耕层土壤容重与紧实度,但没有显著增加水稻生育期的水分渗漏量,仅在分蘖期增加7.4%,孕穗期之后无显著影响。（2）土柱试验结果显示,深翻30 cm（打破犁底层）水分渗漏量较旋耕12 cm和深翻20 cm显著增加,淹水时分别增加19.0%与11.0%,非淹水时分别增加23.0%与21.5%。（3）田间试验水分渗漏液中的氮素主要以硝态氮的形式存在,T3较T1和T2处理在水稻进入孕穗期后显著降低渗漏液中硝态氮的浓度;各施肥处理间铵态氮浓度差异不显著。（4）从整个水稻生育期看,两种耕作方式对氮素淋溶量影响不显著,而3种施肥方式下氮素淋溶量存在明显差异,T3处理降低了氮素淋溶量。深翻条件下T1、T2与T3处理氮素淋溶量分别为10.69、11.74和9.14 kg N·hm^-2,旋耕条件下分别为9.83、11.21和8.58 kg N·hm^-2。【结论】深翻20 cm可以改善土壤物理性状,但不会增加土壤水分渗漏及氮素淋溶;相同耕作方式下,有机与无机肥配施不会增加土壤水分渗漏与氮素淋溶。因此,在长江中下游黏质且犁底层厚（如红黄壤型）的水稻土区,部分打破犁底层,有机与无机肥配施,可构建深厚肥沃的耕作层,且不会增加水分渗漏和氮素的淋溶。     

云南烟叶可持续发展规范(STP)推广成效与启示

可持续发展是烟草行业现代化的发展方向,也是增强烟草行业核心竞争力的重要主题。笔者分析了2017—2020年云南省烟叶可持续发展规范(STP)的实施情况及对云南烟叶出口量的影响,总结了领导机制的建设、专项资金的灵活使用、人才队伍的建设、数字化管理平台的构建方面的主要做法。认为云南STP的实施间接地影响了全省烟叶安全性、生产方式及生产管理理念,云南烟叶出口适销率逐年上升。结合云南烟叶生产实际,为保障STP生产管理的有效实施,提出建立STP行业标准、强化劳动用工规范、推进质量追溯、以绿色销售拉动绿色生产。     

2013年隆德县马铃薯脱毒种薯三级繁育体系建设做法及成效

介绍了隆德县马铃薯脱毒种薯三级繁育体系建设主要做法及取得的成效,分析马铃薯脱毒种薯三级繁育体系建设存在的问题,并提出建议,为进一步做大做强马铃薯产业提供依据。     

A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors associated with anthelmintic resistance in sheep

Background

Anthelmintic drugs have been widely used in sheep as a cost-effective means for gastro-intestinal nematode (GIN) control. However, growing anthelmintic resistance (AHR) has created a compelling need to identify evidence-based management recommendations that reduce the risk of further development and impact of AHR.

Objective

To identify, critically assess, and synthesize available data from primary research on factors associated with AHR in sheep.

Methods

Publications reporting original observational or experimental research on selected factors associated with AHR in sheep GINs and published after 1974, were identified through two processes. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Agricola, CAB) and Web of Science (a collection of databases) were searched for potentially relevant publications. Additional publications were identified through consultation with experts, manual search of references of included publications and conference proceedings, and information solicited from small ruminant practitioner list-serves. Two independent investigators screened abstracts for relevance. Relevant publications were assessed for risk of systematic bias. Where sufficient data were available, random-effects Meta-Analyses (MAs) were performed to estimate the pooled Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) of AHR for factors reported in ≥2 publications.

Results

Of the 1712 abstracts screened for eligibility, 131 were deemed relevant for full publication review. Thirty publications describing 25 individual studies (15 observational studies, 7 challenge trials, and 3 controlled trials) were included in the qualitative synthesis and assessed for systematic bias. Unclear (i.e. not reported, or unable to assess) or high risk of selection bias and confounding bias was found in 93% (14/15) and 60% (9/15) of the observational studies, respectively, while unclear risk of selection bias was identified in all of the trials. Ten independent studies were included in the quantitative synthesis, and MAs were performed for five factors. Only high frequency of treatment was a significant risk factor (OR = 4.39; 95% CI = 1.59, 12.14), while the remaining 4 variables were marginally significant: mixed-species grazing (OR = 1.63; 95% CI = 0.66, 4.07); flock size (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.97, 1.07); use of long-acting drug formulations (OR = 2.85; 95% CI = 0.79, 10.24); and drench-and-shift pasture management (OR = 4.08; 95% CI = 0.75, 22.16).

Conclusions

While there is abundant literature on the topic of AHR in sheep GINs, few studies have explicitly investigated the association between putative risk or protective factors and AHR. Consequently, several of the current recommendations on parasite management are not evidence-based. Moreover, many of the studies included in this review had a high or unclear risk of systematic bias, highlighting the need to improve study design and/or reporting of future research carried out in this field.     

改进WHCNS模型模拟耕作方式对作物生长和水分利用效率的影响

耕作改变了土壤物理特性,进而影响了作物生长和水分利用,定量研究不同耕作方式下的农田土壤水分动态与作物生长过程是制定合理耕作制度的基础。该研究在土壤水热碳氮模拟模型（Soil Water Heat Carbon Nitrogen Simulator,WHCNS）的基础上耦合了EPIC模型的土壤耕作模块,构建了适用于不同耕作方式的土壤水热碳氮过程模拟模型。利用华北平原南部河南商丘试验站2015-2017年实测的不同耕作方式下（深耕、免耕和轮耕）的土体储水量、叶面积指数、地上部干物质质量和产量数据对改进后的WHCNS模型进行了校验和模拟效果评价,并模拟分析了不同耕作方式对冬小麦和夏玉米农田蒸散量、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,所有处理的土体储水量、叶面积指数和地上部干物质质量模拟值与实测值的相对均方根误差均小于30%,一致性指数均大于等于0.90,纳什系数均大于等于0.58,决定系数均大于等于0.90,作物产量模拟值与实测值的决定系数达到0.99。两季冬小麦,与深耕和免耕相比,轮耕的蒸散量分别降低了8.8%～10.8%和13.8%～21.0%,水分利用效率分别提高了6.7%～9.4%和15.7%～24.9%。两季夏玉米,与深耕和轮耕相比,免耕的蒸散量分别降低了12.5%～12.9%和20.7%～22.2%,水分利用效率分别提高了13.4%～15.2%和29.1%～31.3%。耕作方式对产量的影响并不明显。总体而言,改进后的WHCNS模型可以较好地模拟华北平原不同耕作方式下土壤水分与作物生长的动态过程。     

深松整地作业技术要点

从农艺要求、作业条件、作业时机、深松间隔、深松深度、作业周期、机组选择、作业规程、安全事项、维护保养10个方面,介绍深松整地作业技术的应用要点,为深松整地作业提供理论参考。     

烤烟良好农业规范管理体系的建立和运行

良好农业规范（GAP）在农产品生产领域广泛推行.将GAP应用到烟草种植,已成为提高烟叶市场竞争力的必然选择.详细描述了云南省普洱市烤烟GAP管理体系的构建和运行情况,为烤烟GAP的推广积累了经验.