胡麻种质资源成株期抗旱性综合评价及其指标筛选

为了探讨现有胡麻种质资源抗旱性及其与重要育种性状间的关系,研究胡麻抗旱性综合评价方法和鉴定指标,为抗旱育种及抗旱基因资源挖掘、利用提供参考依据。本文基于15份国内主栽胡麻品种建立的抗旱性综合评价体系,以227份国内外胡麻种质、育成品种、地方品种为材料,考查与其成株期抗旱性相关的5个农艺性状及产量指标,采用抗旱指数、因子分析、模糊隶属函数分析、聚类分析、灰色关联度分析等方法,对其进行抗旱性综合评价、抗旱型划分和评价指标筛选研究。结果显示:被考查性状指标对干旱胁迫的反应程度及关联程度各异,可选择与抗旱性关系密切的产量及其相关性状为优先选择指标;D值与产量指标呈极显著正相关;据D值将供试胡麻种质划分为7个抗旱级别,可较好地反映各供试胡麻种质的抗旱性及其特点。说明有选择地测定与D值密切相关的6个性状指标,以其D值作为评价参数可有效且准确的鉴定胡麻种质抗旱性。     

入侵种西花蓟马与本地近缘种花蓟马的双基因鉴定

快速准确的害虫种类识别是有效筛选天敌昆虫开展靶向性生物防控的关键。入侵种西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis与本地种花蓟马F.intonsa常同域同期同种寄主上发生,因体型小、形态相似,难以快速准确鉴定。本研究以mt DNA COI与r DNA ITS2基因为标记对我国10个采样点的西花蓟马和花蓟马开展分子鉴定研究。结果显示,当以COI或ITS2基因为靶标时,西花蓟马与花蓟马间的平均遗传距离分别为0.221和0.113,是种内遗传距离的22.1和18.8倍,且种内、种间遗传距离间无重叠,并在系统发育树上聚为独立的分支,表明2种基因均可准确区分西花蓟马和花蓟马。此外,基于COI基因构建的系统发育树,西花蓟马的各单倍型聚为了2个亚分支,并分别对应温室品系和羽扇豆品系,表明COI基因还可用于西花蓟马品系的识别鉴定。研究结果对近缘种花蓟马的快速鉴定、专食性天敌昆虫的筛选,及其生防效果评价具有重要意义。     

亚致死浓度噻虫嗪对意大利蜜蜂工蜂的生存风险分析

噻虫嗪是一类较第一代新烟碱类杀虫剂更广谱、高效、低毒的农药,但它对意大利蜜蜂工蜂的生存风险尚不明确。本研究通过糖水混毒法测定了噻虫嗪对意大利蜜蜂新出房蜂(1 d)、哺育蜂(7 d)和采集蜂(22 d)的48 h急性经口毒性,确定其各自的亚致死浓度LC5、LC15和LC25,并分别研究了其在3个亚致死浓度下的生存风险。结果表明,新出房蜂、哺育蜂和采集蜂48 h后LC50分别为248.13、64.18和44.20ng/g。新出房蜂经LC5和LC15处理后其平均存活寿命与对照均无显著差异,经LC25处理后其平均存活寿命与对照缩短19.0 d。哺育蜂经LC5处理后其平均存活寿命与对照均无显著差异,经LC15和LC25处理后其平均存活寿命与对照分别缩短9.2和15.0 d。采集蜂经LC5和LC15处理后其平均存活寿命与对照均无显著差异,经LC25处理后其平均存活寿命与对照缩短10.9 d。上述结果表明噻虫嗪的使用可能会对蜜蜂的生存存在较大风险,因此,建议相关管理部门加强噻虫嗪在中国的田间残留监测,开展半田间和田间条件下噻虫嗪对意大利蜜蜂的风险评价工作。     

辽宁省危险性林业有害生物风险分析指标体系的评价

本文采用专家依据《辽宁省林业危险性有害生物风险分析指标体系》对8种林业有害生物进行综合分析的数据作为研究对象,比较了各项因子对指标体系的影响度。针对其中有害生物风险分析指标体系的评价结果表明,指标层中设计的指标是相关的,但是仍有进一步完善的空间,并且"定殖和扩散的可能性"与"受害寄主经济重要性"两项指标的影响度最大;针对其中有害植物风险分析指标体系的评价结果表明,专家对影响有害植物风险程度因素的看法基本一致,并且"潜在经济危害性"与"辽宁地区分布情况"这两项指标对有害植物风险程度影响尤为明显。     

咸阳市建国60年来耕地利用因素与粮食生产相关分析

首先从粮食产量计算模型中解析出耕地利用4因素,即耕地利用广度、耕地利用程度、耕地利用结构以及耕地利用集约度,进而采用相关分析法求得各阶段耕地利用4因素与粮食产量的相关系数,并参考其偏相关系数,研究建国60年来耕地利用这4方面对粮食生产影响的时序变化,结果表明:(1)不断加强的耕地利用集约度始终是第一位的贡献因素,但其影响趋势缓慢减弱;(2)耕地利用广度对粮食产量的影响趋势减弱,二者互动效应不明显,然而,在耕地面积大幅度减少和农业生产技术快速发展的情况下,耕地面积对粮食生产的约束力增强;(3)耕地利用程度与粮食生产的相关性增强趋势凸显,从而,加大耕地利用程度成为推动粮食生产的有效新动力。(4)耕地利用结构变化对粮食产量的贡献减弱,然而其对粮食生产的制约性渐强。     

小波变换在土壤有机质含量可见/近红外光谱分析中的应用

使用高光谱仪ASD Field Spec在波长范围400~1 000 nm内采集有机质含量不同的土壤原始光谱;之后,求取土壤原始光谱及其A值的一阶导数(一阶导数光谱);对以上两类一阶导数光谱进行小波去噪处理;并分析这两类一阶光谱在去噪前、后,光谱形态的变化情况,以及它们与有机质含量相关性的改善程度。结果表明:(1)土壤原始光谱及其A值的一阶导数中含有大量噪声,严重影响了对光谱曲线波形轮廓、特征信号点和有机质吸收特征的识别。(2)经小波去噪处理后,土壤原始光谱及其A值的一阶导数中的噪声被有效去除,一阶导数光谱的清晰度明显改善,光谱质量显著提高。(3)去噪后的土壤原始光谱的一阶导数,呈开口向下的"喇叭口"状,波长范围567~598 nm内与有机质含量呈较为稳定、显著的负相关性。(4)去噪后的土壤原始光谱A值的一阶导数,波形呈"凹"状,波长范围524~535 nm内与有机质含量呈比较稳定、显著的正相关性。     

Characteristics and dynamics analysis of Populus euphratica populations in the middle reaches of Tarim River

Populus euphratica Oliv. is widely distributed along the Tarim River. Maintaining stability of P. euphratica population is important to local development. This study explored the static life table, survivorship curves and four function curves (survival rate, cumulative mortality rate, mortality density, and hazard rate), and development index of P. euphratica population in the middle reaches of Tarim River. The results indicated that the age structure of P. euphratica population belonged to positive pyramidal type, which meant young age-class individuals occupied most populations. The number ofⅠ-Ⅱage classes accounted for 66.2% of whole population, and this indicated that there were abundant subsequent seedlings resources to support the growth of P. euphratica population in the middle reaches of Tarim River. The survivorship curve of P. euphratica belonged to the Deevey Ⅲ (concave-type) and the development index was 47.72%. Four function curves revealed that the individuals of P. euphratica sharply decreased at the initial stage and then leveled off at the late stage of survival curve. Time sequence prediction models predicted that the number of midlife individuals would increase in future 10, 20, 30 years, and P. euphratica population grew steadily as a result of rich saplings.     

氟虫腈在甘蓝和土壤中的残留分析方法

本文建立了氟虫腈及其代谢物在甘蓝和土壤中的残留分析方法。该方法仪器最低检出量为5×10 -12g,最低检出浓度为0.0005mg/kg,平均回收率为85.4 %～95.8 % ,变异系数为2.3 %～12.0 %     

Bacterial pathogens of rice in the Kingdom of Cambodia and description of a new pathogen causing a serious sheath rot disease

A study of rice diseases in Cambodia from 2005 to 2007 showed widespread occurrence of diseases caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae, Burkholderia gladioli, B. cepacia and Pantoea ananatis. This is the first report of these pathogens in Cambodia. Additionally, a pseudomonad causing a widespread disease similar to sheath brown rot (caused by Pseudomonas fuscovaginae) was isolated. The studied strains were pathogenic to rice cvs Sen Pidau and IR 66, producing similar, though slightly less severe, symptoms to those observed in the field. Based on comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis, combined with cell wall fatty acid analysis and metabolic profiles, the isolated strains were allocated to the genus Pseudomonas. The novel species were differentiated from Pseudomonas fuscovaginae and P. putida by their inability to metabolize d ‐fructose, d ‐galactose, d ‐galactonic acid lactone, d ‐galacturonic acid, d ‐glucosaminic acid, d ‐glucuronic acid, p‐hydroxy phenylacetic acid, d ‐saccharic acid and urocanic acid. The major fatty acids were C_16:0, summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c and C_16:1ω6c) and summed feature 8 (C_18:1ω7c), representing 80% of the total. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequences (1460 bp) were identical, except for two nucleotide changes amongst the six strains. Alignment of the causal strains within type‐culture databases revealed similarities of 99·7% with Pseudomonas parafulva AJ 2129^T, 99·2% with P. fulva IAM 1592^T, 98·9% with P. plecoglossicidia FPC 951^T, and 98·1% with P. fuscovaginae MAFF 301177^T. On the basis of data from this polyphasic study, it is proposed that the unknown strains isolated from rice represent a novel species of the genus Pseudomonas.     

应用均匀设计法筛选稗草病原菌产孢最佳配方培养基

 筛选生防菌最佳产孢培养基是高效、大量生产生防菌孢子的基础。应用均匀设计法结合二次多项式回归分析,从众多因素中筛选出稗草病原菌弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)和互格交链孢菌(Alternaria alternata)最佳产孢培养基组分,建立多元二次回归数学模型。弯孢菌最佳产孢组分为胡萝卜、芹菜、欧芹、水芹、莴苣、蔗糖和Vc;互格交链孢菌最佳产孢组分为胡萝卜、芹菜、水芹、莴苣和蔗糖。根据回归模型计算理论(拟和)产孢值。比较实测产孢量和理论产孢值,结果表明,稗草病原菌的实测产孢量和回归模型拟合产孢值非常接近,拟合误差小。说明采用均匀设计法从众多因素中筛选培养基最佳成分是可行的。