Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer Rate on Irrigated Russet Burbank Potato

Phosphorus (P) fertilizer is routinely applied to potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Manitoba, Canada; however, little information is available regarding P responses in this region. Field studies were conducted from 2003 through 2006 to determine the impact of P rate [0, 15, 29, 43 kg P ha^?1 as broadcast incorporated monoammonium phosphate (MAP)] on Russet Burbank potato. Increasing P rate resulted in a linear increase in marketable yield in 2005, a quadratic increase in 2006, and no effect in 2003 and 2004. Phosphorus application had no effect on the yield of tubers <85 g, tuber number, or quality, but petiole P concentration and postharvest soil-test P levels increased with increasing P rate. Results of this and other studies show that P fertilization may improve potato yields, although increases are not completely predictable. Additional research is required to refine soil-test guidelines and petiole P sufficiency levels for this region.     

Effect of Water and Rice Straw Management Practices on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in a Double-Cropped Paddy Field

ABSTRACT

Water and rice straw (RS) management practices can potentially affect the accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils. Field experiments were conducted in two consecutive rice-growing seasons (wet and dry) to evaluate SOC stocks under different water (continuous flooding [CF], alternate wetting and drying [AWD]) and RS management practices (RS incorporation [RS-I], RS burning [RS-B], without RS incorporation and burning [WRS]) in a double-cropped paddy field. RS-I under AWD had higher volumetric water content than the same RS management under CF at tillering in both growing seasons. Total SOC was significantly higher under AWD at tillering in both wet and dry seasons and after harvesting in the dry season compared with CF. The same trend was also observed for C:N ratio at tillering and after harvesting in the dry season. RS-B plots had lower SOC stocks than RS-I and WRS plots across most of the measuring periods regardless of the growing seasons. SOC stocks were 33.09 and 39.31 Mg/ha at RS-B and RS-I plots, respectively, in the wet season, whereas the respective values were 21.45 and 24.55 Mg/ha in the dry season. Incorporation of RS enhanced SOC stocks under AWD irrigation, especially in the dry season before planting. Soil incorporation of RS in combination with AWD could be a viable option to increase SOC stocks in the double-cropped rice production region as it is strongly linked with soil fertility and productivity. However, the environmental consequences of RS incorporation in irrigated lowland rice production system should be taken into consideration before its recommendation for paddy field on a large scale.     

福建省甘薯种质资源鉴定与评价

征集甄别保存甘薯种质资源606份,编写出品种目录,拍摄了彩色图谱册;摸索出适合福建省气候特点的田间种植、薯块贮藏、老蔓越冬和茎尖脱毒试管苗4种方法相结合的安全保存方法;首次在相同条件下同时完成了对保存的品种资源抗蔓割病、薯瘟病的鉴定,8种主要营养成份的分析及鲜薯与薯干产量的测定,筛选出抗蔓割病资源212份、抗薯瘟病资源109份、高干率资源14份、高淀粉资源12份、高水溶性糖资源13份、高粗蛋白资源13份、高粗脂肪资源12份、低粗纤维资源12份、高维生素C资源12份、高胡萝卜素资源12份,初步摸清了这些品种的分布情况;应用Borlanddel-phi7.0为设计集成环境和通用SQL方式查询程序模块创建了资源数据库;建立了107份骨干资源圃。     

河北省北部马铃薯早疫病菌对嘧菌酯敏感性的测定与分析

选取2009~2011年采集自河北省张家口、承德两地的74株马铃薯早疫病菌(Alternaria solani),用抑制分生孢子萌发的方法,进行嘧菌酯敏感性测定,旨在为生产上科学使用嘧菌酯提供理论依据。结果表明,嘧菌酯的EC50介于0.01~0.13μg/m L之间,平均EC50为0.04μg/m L。处于敏感基线的菌株(EC500.01~0.07μg/m L)占总数的87.84%。2009~2011年所采集的早疫病菌对嘧菌酯敏感性随年度略微有所下降,不同地区采集的菌株对嘧菌酯的敏感性也有差异。因此,河北省北部地区马铃薯早疫病的防控仍可以使用嘧菌酯,但不可盲目,并实时检测菌株的抗药性。     

氮肥配施下不同C/N作物残渣还田对红壤温室气体排放的影响

氮肥配施能够促进还田秸秆的分解,为了解其对不同C/N秸秆还田下温室气体排放的影响,采用培养实验方法,研究了油菜饼(C/N为4)、玉米秸秆(C/N为28)、水稻秸秆(C/N为41)和小麦秸秆(C/N为71)等4种不同C/N植物残渣在不同量氮肥(无氮、低氮和高氮)配施下对红壤温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)排放的影响。结果显示,氮肥配施增加了不同植物残渣的CO2-C累积排放量,且仅在高C/N的小麦秸秆处理中发现存在显著性差异,在低氮和高氮下CO2-C累积排放量分别达到1 271.44、1 212.83 mg·kg-1,显著高于无氮肥配施的883.40 mg·kg-1。土壤N2O累积排放量最大的为油菜饼处理组,低氮量的配施进一步增强了N2O的产生,其累积排放量达到5 550.42μg·kg-1,显著高于无氮肥配施的4 430.44μg·kg-1,然而当氮肥施用量进一步增加时却抑制了N2O的排放(3752.84μg·kg-1)。氮肥配施并未显著影响玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆处理组的N2O累积排放量。在培养期内,每一个处理均表现为CH4的吸收现象,氮肥施用能够增加土壤对CH4的累积吸收量,但差异显著性仅在对照和油菜饼处理中发现。     

The transfer of the synaptic gene (sy-2) from 1EBN Solanum commersonii Dun. to 2EBN germplasm

Summary Crosses of a synaptic mutant (sy-2) of 2x(1EBN) S. commersonii Dun. with 2x(2EBN) S. chacoense Bitt. resulted in the production of 3x(2EBN) hybrids. Low levels of 2n egg production in these hybrids allowed subsequent crosses to be made with 4x(4EBN) cultivars, resulting in 5x(4EBN) S. commersonii-S. chacoense-Group Tuberosum hybrids. Seed set in these crosses averaged 0.22 seeds per fruit. Fifty-four unspotted seeds were produced in 1225 crosses of the 5x(4EBN) hybrids with 2x(2EBN) Group Phureja haploid extraction clones carrying dominant seed spot markers. These seeds yielded a total of 15 confirmed haploids having a diploid (2n=2x=24) or near diploid chromosome number. One haploid clone recovered displayed a synaptically abnormal phenotype similar to the original S. commersonii synaptic mutant. Preliminary test crosses of these haploids indicated that all haploids produced were 2EBN.This method for the transfer of alleles across EBN levels holds promise for the recovery of both qualitative and quantitative traits from 1EBN species. In these recovered, cross-compatible forms, clones with desired characteristics may be selected and easily incorporated into breeding programs.     

转无毒基因马铃薯抗晚疫病的研究

晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans)引起的马铃薯晚疫病是危害全球马铃薯生产的严重病害.通过基因工程方法把外源基因导入植物体内以增强抗病性被证明是一条行之有效的途径.应用植物基因工程技术将具有能激活植物自身防御系统的无毒基因与适合于植物背景、非专一性的病原物诱导启动子组合成嵌合基因构建到植物表达载体中.通过农杆菌或基因枪的介导转化植物,可筛选出高效广谱的抗真菌和细菌病害的转基因植株.本研究从病原细菌Pseudomonas syringae PV.tomato中获得的无毒基因avrD(0*93kb)和从病原真菌Phytophthora parasitica中获得的无毒基因Elicitin(0.294kb)分别与非专一性病原物诱导启动子Pill和BG组成含2个嵌合基因(Pill-avrD,BG-Elicitin)的植物表达载体pYH144和pYHEt.通过农杆菌LBA4404介导转化马铃薯,其中用pYH144载体转化2个品种(克新1号,2号),用pYHEt载体转化3个品种(Desiree,克新2号,4号),通过组织培养分别获得潮霉素(HygromycinB)标记的转基因马铃薯试管苗.将转基因试管苗扩繁,应用马铃薯脱毒微型种薯生产技术获得转无毒基因微型薯,在温室(15～25℃和湿度高)条件下,观察转无毒基因马铃薯植株中对晚疫病菌自然感染的抗性.1998年和1999年(每年的3-5月)的温室试验初步表明用avrD和elicitin基因分别转化的转无毒基因马铃薯植株都具有较明显的对晚疫病菌侵染的抗性,大部分转基因植株不表现或表现轻微的感病症状,对照植株(未转化)则表现明显的感病症状.转基因植株生长正常,且在感染后期(恢复期)生长良好.对照植株在恢复期生长弱和缓慢.在获得较多数量的转无毒基因马铃薯微型种薯的时候,将进行人工接种晚疫病菌和田间种植试验,从中筛选出抗真菌病和细菌病的转基因马铃薯株系.     

小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯体系中玉米产量及养分吸收的差异

分别在四川2个玉米主产区川中丘区射洪县和川西山区雅安市,采用单因素随机区组设计,通过3年田间试验对比研究了小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯模式下玉米产量、养分吸收积累规律以及与耕层土壤养分的关系。结果表明:两种套作模式经过一年种植后,小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米产量均高于小麦/玉米/甘薯模式下的玉米产量,但差异不显著,第二、三年分带轮作后,小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米产量显著高于小麦/玉米/甘薯模式下的玉米产量,二年平均分别高出 679.5 kg/hm2和 839.1 kg/hm2,增产9.4%和12.6%,射洪试验点增产作用较雅安试验点显著;分带轮作后两种套作体系玉米氮素吸收积累在拔节前差异不显著,拔节后小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米氮素积累量显著高于小麦/玉米/甘薯,磷的吸收积累则相反,从拔节期到开花期,小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米磷的吸收积累均显著低于小麦/玉米/甘薯,小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米钾素吸收积累量高于小麦/玉米/甘薯;不同作物带耕层土壤养分含量差异达显著水平,大豆带残留的硝态氮、速效氮、速效钾2个试验点平均分别比甘薯带高18.4%、24.1%、6.0%,而铵态氮和速效磷甘薯带较大豆带分别高18.9%和17.1%,两种套作模式中玉米带耕层土壤养分含量差异不显著,经第二、三年分带轮作后,耕层土壤养分含量差异减小,表明分带轮作玉米能较好均衡田间养分。     

氟铃脲在甘蓝植株及种植土壤中残留量的分析方法研究

为了快速、准确地测定氟铃脲及其相关制剂在甘蓝生产中使用后的残留降解行为,指导其科学合理的使用,通过添加回收率试验,借助HPLC检测技术,研究并建立了氟铃脲在甘蓝植株和种植土壤中的残留分析方法。结果表明:甘蓝植株和种植土壤样品中的氟铃脲均可用乙腈提取,Florisil柱层析净化,HPLC检测;当氟铃脲的添加浓度为0.05～1.00 mg/kg时,氟铃脲在甘蓝和甘蓝种植土壤中的平均添加回收率为82.73%～85.56%,相对标准偏差为1.25%～4.65%;该方法的灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合农药残留量分析与检测的技术要求。     

甘薯病毒病发生关键因素研究

[目的]明确甘薯种薯携带的病毒种类与苗期病毒病发生率和严重度之间的关系,以及甘薯田烟粉虱发生量和带毒率与种薯带毒率之间的关系,建立甘薯苗期病毒病预测预报方法和种薯质量早期预警技术,为甘薯无病毒种薯生产和病毒病防控提供理论依据.[方法]利用PCR和RT-PCR方法对随机采集的不同来源的甘薯种薯进行病毒检测,检测的病毒种类...