Vigour/tolerance trade‐off in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) response to salinity stress is linked to leaf elemental composition

Developing more stress‐tolerant crops will require greater knowledge of the physiological basis of stress tolerance. Here, we explore how biomass declines in response to salinity relate to leaf traits across 20 genotypes of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Plant growth, leaf physiological traits and leaf elemental composition were assessed after 21 days of salinity treatments (0, 50, 100, 150 or 200 mM NaCl) in a greenhouse study. There was a trade‐off in performance such that vigorous genotypes, those with higher biomass at 0 mM NaCl, had both a larger absolute decrease and proportional decrease in biomass due to increased salinity. More vigorous genotypes at control were less tolerant to salinity. Contrary to expectation, genotypes with a low increase in leaf Na and decrease in K:Na were not better at maintaining biomass with increasing salinity. Rather, genotypes with a greater reduction in leaf S and K content were better at maintaining biomass at increased salinity. While we found an overall trade‐off between sunflower vigour and salt tolerance, some genotypes were more tolerant than expected. Further analysis of the traits and mechanisms underlying this trade‐off may allow us to breed these into high‐vigour genotypes in order to increase their salt tolerance.     

Etude de la nutrition potassique du sorgho III‐relations entee les teneurs en cations et la composition en acides organiques des feuilles

Abstract

Extracts that are coloured, owing to dissolved organic matter, give rise to an interference when boron is determined by the colorimetric Azomethine‐H method. A scheme is presented in which boron is removed from coloured extracts by dialysis. In this way the interference can be removed automatically. The suggested scheme allows hydroponic solutions and extracts of soils, peat‐based composts and plant materials to be analysed without further treatment at a rate of 20 hr^‐1. The limit of detection is 0.05ppm B in solution. Recoveries of boron added to extracts from all types of sample were excellent. The effects of some interferences were investigated and found not to be significant under normal working.     

密度及施钾量对脱毒马铃薯费乌瑞它产量的影响

采用2因素3水平随机区组试验设计,在贵州省余庆县600 m海拔水稻与马铃薯轮作区进行了脱毒马铃薯费乌瑞它最佳播种密度、施钾量试验研究。结果表明,密度、施钾量、密度×施钾量有显著差异。密度为5 000窝/667m2需配施钾15 kg/667m2、4 500窝/667m2需配施钾10 kg/667m25、000窝/667m2需配施钾15 kg/667m2的水平才能达到较高产量。     

小麦秸秆还田条件下钾肥减量对水稻产量及养分利用的影响

利用长江中下游稻麦轮作定位试验,研究小麦秸秆还田条件下,钾肥减量施用对土壤钾素含量、水稻产量和钾素累积量以及钾肥利用率的影响,为小麦秸秆还田后水稻钾肥合理施用提供科学依据。试验共设5个处理,分别为：秸秆还田+配方施肥（K_100%）,秸秆还田+配方施肥钾肥减量10%（K_90%）,秸秆还田+配方施肥钾肥减量20%（K_80%）,秸秆还田+配方施肥钾肥减量30%（K_70%）,秸秆还田+配方施肥不施钾肥（K₀）。采集3年水稻不同生育期植株和土壤样品,分析土壤钾素动态变化和水稻钾素吸收富集规律,并统计水稻产量和经济效益。3年试验结果表明,与K_100%相比,K_90%处理的土壤全钾和速效钾含量分别提高了3.13%和6.38%,水稻钾素总累积量和净累积量平均提高1.55%和5.13%,水稻平均增产2.19%;K_80%和K_70%处理的土壤全钾和速效钾含量分别平均减少12.58%~15.31%和4.26%~10.64%,水稻钾素总累积量平均减少了7.49%~13.62%,水稻净累积量平均增加了0.48%~1.78%,K_80%处理的水稻产量平均增加2.32%,而K_70%处理的水稻产量则平均降低了6.43%。与K_100%相比,钾肥减量（K_90%、K_80%、K_70%）能够显著增加水稻钾肥农学效率（15.51%~24.53%）、偏生产力（17.96%~25.40%）和钾素吸收利用率（17.53%~55.36%）（P<0.05）。当钾肥减量大于20%时,经济效益呈下降趋势。小麦秸秆还田条件下,与配方施肥相比（K_100%）,钾肥减量10%对土壤速效钾含量影响不显著,但能够提高水稻钾素累积量;钾肥减量20%~30%会降低土壤速效钾含量以及水稻钾素累积量,提高水稻钾素净累积量;钾肥减量10%~20%对水稻产量影响不显著,但可以增加钾肥农学效率、偏生产力和钾肥吸收利用率及经济效益。     

钾肥对秋大棚番茄产量及效益的影响

番茄秋大棚生产条件下,从底肥、追肥2个方面研究了硫酸钾肥对番茄产量和经济效益的影响,结果显示,在底肥施用大德金肥250kg/667m2、追肥时配施二铵20kg/667m2的情况下,以基施硫酸钾20kg/667m2,并分别于第1穗果膨大、第2穗果膨大以及第1穗果采收期各追施硫酸钾肥5kg/667m2的处理组合产量和效益最好,分别较空白对照增产12.2%、增效10.2%。     

紫外分光光度法测定植物过氧化氢酶活性

为简便快速测定植物过氧化氢酶活性,进行了紫外分光光度法测定植物过氧化氢酶活性的新方法试验。结果表明：本法操作简便,重现好,相对误差小,不需要特殊的试剂和仪器设备,适合于批量分析;利用硫酸阻止和终止酶促反应,既简化了操作,又减少了误差来源;本法的测定结果与高锰酸钾滴定法的结果呈极显著线性相关,是一种值得推广应用的测定植物过氧化氢酶活性的新方法。     

施用黄腐酸钾对打顶烤烟干物质和钾素累积的影响

【目的】基于烟株打顶后钾素流失、叶片中钾素分配降低的现象,研究施用黄腐酸钾对烤烟生育后期钾素累积、吸收的调控作用,以改善烟株钾素营养,提高烟叶产质量。【方法】以烤烟品种K326为材料,采用大田试验,研究黄腐酸钾对打顶烤烟干物质累积量、钾素含量及其累积量和初烤烟叶产质量的影响。【结果】施用黄腐酸钾可以促进烟株生长和钾素吸收。与对照相比,塘施黄腐酸钾75、150、225 kg/hm~2烟株打顶时干物质累积量和钾素累积量分别提高9.7%、20.44%、16.44%和27.62%、38.12%、38.12%,初烤烟叶产量和产值分别提高3.93%、30.64%、1.14%和13.74%、57.64%、16.86%,烟碱含量和钾含量也有所提高。【结论】黄腐酸钾可以有效促进烟株对钾素的吸收,提高烟叶干物质累积量和钾素含量,改善烟叶品质,在烤烟生产中具有很好的推广价值。     

施钾量对杂交棉产量和品质及钾肥利用率的影响

在大田试验条件下,研究施钾量对杂交棉金102、湘杂棉8号、泗阳328的产量和品质及钾肥利用效率的影响。结果表明：施钾(K2O)量为135～270 kg/hm2,可增加皮棉产量39.13%～57.48%,达极显著水平;单株成铃数、单铃重、衣分分别提高14.24%～40.29%、3.59%～15.51%、0.16%～4.89%;纤维长度、比强度随施钾量增加而增加,对麦克隆值无显著影响。施钾量由135 kg/hm2增加至270 kg/hm2时,钾肥偏生产力(PFPk)降低45.93%～48.01%,钾肥农学效率(AEk)降低37.1%～42.9%。金102的钾肥农学效率(AEk)最高,施钾增产效果最好;泗阳328耐低钾胁迫能力最强,不施钾肥时,皮棉产量分别较湘杂棉8号、金102高5.54%、11.19%。     

蜈蚣兰初代培养中内生真菌的抑制作用

为了建立蜈蚣兰无菌繁殖体系,以0.2%的山梨酸钾和0.2%的苯甲酸钠为供试药剂,研究了两种不同种类的食品防腐剂在蜈蚣兰初代培养中对内生真菌的抑制作用。结果表明:两种食品防腐剂均对蜈蚣兰内生真菌的生长有抑制作用,且山梨酸钾的抑菌作用更为显著。同时,两种防腐剂的加入对外植体侧芽萌发均有一定程度的抑制,且苯甲酸钠的抑制作用较为突出。另外,0.8%的次氯酸钠溶液对蜈蚣兰内生真菌的生长也有一定的抑制作用。     

钾素对棉花营养吸收分配及纤维品质的影响

以新陆早24号为供试材料,通过水培方式研究施钾对棉花生长发育和氮、磷、钾素的吸收分配以及纤维品质的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,适当提高营养液中的钾浓度能明显促进棉花生长发育;促进棉株对氮、磷、钾营养元素的吸收积累;增加纤维的长度、比强度和马克隆值;且都呈现:低钾处理高钾处理对照处理的规律性。尤以低钾浓度(K1和K2)见优,K1和K2的钾素总吸收积累量最高,分别是对照的62.1和69.8倍;K2的纤维品质综合表现最好,纤维长度、比强度、马克隆值比高钾浓度(K3和K4)分别增加了0.5～3.4 mm,1.2～5.3 cN/tex,0.3～0.9。钾营养缺乏直接影响棉花的结铃。