白三叶种子催芽技术与育苗基质的研究

以白三叶(Trifoliu mrepens)种子为试验材料,研究水浸时间、育苗基质类型、不同浓度赤霉素与硝酸钾浸种处理对白三叶种子发芽的影响。结果表明,水浸24h可极显著提高种子发芽指数、萌发活力指数、发芽势和发芽率,与未浸种的相比发芽率可提高10%-13%;基质类型对种子的发芽指数和萌发活力指数影响均达到显著水平,种子较适合的催芽浓度与育苗基质组合为50mg·L-2赤霉素、0.2%硝酸钾、园土∶沙∶泥炭土=2∶1∶1,平均发芽率达31.67%,平均萌发活力指数达42.212。     

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics Tools: A Rapid and Non-Destructive Alternative on Soil Evaluation

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid, non-destructive and accurate technique for analyzing a wide variety of samples, thus, the growing interest of using this technique in soil science. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of NIR spectroscopy to predict organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P) and available potassium (K) in the soil. NIR spectra from 20 cm³ of soil samples were acquired on the range of 750 to 2500 nm in diffuse reflectance mode, resolution of 16 cm^?1 and 64 scans. Eight models of calibration/validation were constructed. Calibration and validation models showed that the predictive potential of NIR varied with the specific soil property (OC, TN, P and K) under evaluation and according to the methodology employed in the model construction (cross-validation or test set). Good prediction models were obtained for OC and TN content based on the statistical parameters. Test set methodology was able to predict soil OC, TN, P, and K better than cross-validation methodology.     

Soil available potassium affected by rice straw incorporation and potassium fertilizer application under a rice–oilseed rape rotation system

Data from 147 field trials were collected to study the influence of straw incorporation on soil potassium (K) under an intensive rice–oilseed rape rotation system, while pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of rice straw incorporation on soil K availability. A significant correlation was observed between the soil available K and the relative yield (RRY) and the relative K uptake (RKU) of oilseed rape, with R² values ranging from 0.07 to 0.08 and from 0.10 to 0.11, respectively, when data were fitted to a logarithmic equation model. In approximately 30% of trials, RRY reached 90%, while soil test available K values were below the critical limit, indicating that soil K values at the time of sampling (within 1 week of rice harvest) underestimated the actual soil K supply capacity. The pot experiment results showed that soil available K was affected by straw incorporation and soil type in the fallow period. The NH₄OAc‐K and NaBPh₄‐K concentrations of soils increased at first, and then, plateaued after 28 days. Straw incorporation significantly influenced the critical soil K concentration, which is important for making accurate K fertilizer recommendation. These results suggested that straw K should be seriously considered in making K fertilizer recommendations. Extending the sampling time from 1 to 3 weeks after the harvesting of rice to stabilize the effects of straw incorporation may help achieve a more accurate evaluation of soil available K.     

乌兰布和沙漠东北部沙区人工林土壤钾素特征研究

通过对乌兰布和沙漠东北部沙区不同林地土壤样品的测定与分析,研究了林地土壤各形态钾素含量、相关性和垂直分异特征。结果显示:表层各形态钾素在各林地内呈不均衡分布。造林对表层土壤钾素具有不同程度的积累效应,特别是二白杨、小美旱以及固氮树种花棒、沙棘和沙枣;林地全钾含量中,各形态钾素所占比例不同,但平均97%以上的钾素植物难以直接利用;缓效钾是有效钾素非常重要的潜在给源。各林地有效性钾、速效钾和缓效钾含量绝大部分表层(0-20cm)高于下层(20-40cm),矿物钾和全钾主要决定于土壤母质,层次间差异很小。在干旱条件下,林地土壤含水量较高的树种以及固氮树种更有利于有效钾素的提升。各形态钾素间存在着不同程度的转化关系;有机质、CEC明显影响着各形态钾素的含量、转化及其有效性。整体而言,乔木提升有效性钾、速效钾和缓效钾含量稍优于灌木,但差异很小。因此,在沙区干旱条件下,建议推广对土壤质量提高和生态环境改善更具潜力的固氮沙生灌木。     

外源钾对三种不同土壤钾转化影响的研究

采用盆栽试验,在黄棕壤,砖红壤,黑土三种土壤上种植烟草,研究了外源钾对土壤中钾转化的影响,结果表明:在黄棕壤,黑土上,0.0-0.8 g kg-1施肥范围内,随着施钾量的增加,土壤中速效钾和缓效钾的总增量、作物的含钾量均在增加,尤其是在0.8 g kg-1施肥水平时,二者超出了施肥的增加量,说明施钾促进了其它钾的释放;三种土壤中粘土矿物含量为:黑土>黄棕壤>砖红壤。     

The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants

Plants exposed to environmental stress factors, such as drought, chilling, high light intensity, heat, and nutrient limitations, suffer from oxidative damage catalyzed by reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g., superoxide radical (O₂equation/tex2gif-sup-1.gif^–), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and hydroxyl radical (OHequation/tex2gif-sup-4.gif). Reactive O₂ species are known to be primarily responsible for impairment of cellular function and growth depression under stress conditions. In plants, ROS are predominantly produced during the photosynthetic electron transport and activation of membrane‐bound NAD(P)H oxidases. Increasing evidence suggests that improvement of potassium (K)‐nutritional status of plants can greatly lower the ROS production by reducing activity of NAD(P)H oxidases and maintaining photosynthetic electron transport. Potassium deficiency causes severe reduction in photosynthetic CO₂ fixation and impairment in partitioning and utilization of photosynthates. Such disturbances result in excess of photosynthetically produced electrons and thus stimulation of ROS production by intensified transfer of electrons to O₂. Recently, it was shown that there is an impressive increase in capacity of bean root cells to oxidize NADPH when exposed to K deficiency. An increase in NADPH oxidation was up to 8‐fold higher in plants with low K supply than in K‐sufficient plants. Accordingly, K deficiency also caused an increase in NADPH‐dependent O₂equation/tex2gif-sup-6.gif^– generation in root cells. The results indicate that increases in ROS production during both photosynthetic electron transport and NADPH‐oxidizing enzyme reactions may be involved in membrane damage and chlorophyll degradation in K‐deficient plants. In good agreement with this suggestion, increases in severity of K deficiency were associated with enhanced activity of enzymes involved in detoxification of H₂O₂ (ascorbate peroxidase) and utilization of H₂O₂ in oxidative processes (guaiacol peroxidase). Moreover, K‐deficient plants are highly light‐sensitive and very rapidly become chlorotic and necrotic when exposed to high light intensity. In view of the fact that ROS production by photosynthetic electron transport and NADPH oxidases is especially high when plants are exposed to environmental stress conditions, it seems reasonable to suggest that the improvement of K‐nutritional status of plants might be of great importance for the survival of crop plants under environmental stress conditions, such as drought, chilling, and high light intensity. Several examples are presented here emphasizing the roles of K in alleviating adverse effects of different abiotic stress factors on crop production.     

连续秸秆还田对水稻土中钾素形态的影响

湖北省武穴市、荆州市和武汉市三个水旱轮作长期定位试验的基础上,研究了连续秸秆还田(三地秸秆还田时间分别为9、5和3年)对不同层次(0~20 cm和20~40 cm)土壤中各形态钾素(水溶性钾、特殊吸附钾、非特殊吸附钾、非交换性钾、矿物钾、全钾)的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田能显著增加0~20 cm土层中特殊吸附钾和非特殊吸附钾的含量,两者的增量分别为9.92%~138.35%和35.57%~143.79%,其中武穴试验点的增加效果相对最好。20~40 cm土层,各处理之间变化规律不明显。土壤全钾含量表现为武穴试验点最低(2.59~3.15 g kg~(-1)),与荆州和武汉试验点差异性较大(9.45~11.91 g kg~(-1))。武穴和荆州试验点供钾能力较低(速效钾含量100 mg kg~(-1)),武汉试验点供钾能力为中等(速效钾含量在100~150 mg kg~(-1))。矿物钾和全钾呈极显著正相关(武穴、荆州和武汉试验点的相关系数分别为0.994**、0.999**、1.000**),速效钾中各组分与速效钾的相关性在三个试验点存在差异,其中还田时间越长相关性越好。     

Nutritional response of seedling tomato plants under different lighting treatments

In order to describe the effect of complementary artificial light supply on the nutrient status of tomato seedlings, fluorescent lamps were compared to each other. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations were measured (mg g^?1 dry matter). Blue, red and far-red relationships were established. The N, P and K higher concentration and uptake have been found under high efficiency fluorescent lamps. Phosphorus uptake increasing was observed at high levels of irradiation. Potassium concentration is significantly higher under compact fluorescent lamps. The relationship between ratios and N, P and K extractions were used as indicators of limitation for plant. The ratio N/P and N/K present a low relation with N extraction. The ratio N/P presents a significant correlation with P extraction, also the ratios N/K and P/K with K extraction. Significant differences in constant of lineal equation have been found in P/K ratio and K extraction.     

不同种类钾肥对烟叶钾含量及产质量的影响

为探讨豫南烟区适宜的钾肥种类,通过田间小区试验,研究了不同种类钾肥对烟叶钾含量及产质量的影响。结果表明,在烤烟移栽后30~50 d,碳酸钾肥处理的干物质积累量最高,生物包膜缓释钾肥处理次之;在移栽后70 d,生物包膜缓释钾肥处理的干物质积累量最高,碳酸钾肥处理次之。与不施钾肥处理相比,施钾肥处理产量增加295~800 kg/hm2,产值增加6 969~16 814元/hm2,以生物包膜缓释钾肥处理各经济性状指标表现最好,碳酸钾肥处理次之。与常规钾肥(硫酸钾)处理相比,其他钾肥处理均能在一定程度上降低总糖和还原糖含量,生物包膜缓释钾肥处理效果最好,碳酸钾肥处理次之。综合分析,在豫南烟区,以生物包膜缓释钾肥和碳酸钾肥代替常规硫酸钾肥能提高烟叶产量和质量。     

茭白地上部氮磷钾及蛋白质含量变化规律的研究

以秋茭为供试材料，研究其地上各部位氮、磷、钾及蛋白质含量的变化规律。茭白植株地上各部位氮、磷、钾含量总体不断下降，肉质茎膨大时有一峰值。叶片氮、磷含量持续下降，钾含量前期下降，膨大前显著上升；短缩茎氮、磷、钾含量前期下降，膨大前迅速下降，膨大后转而上升；肉质茎氮、磷、钾及蛋白质含量膨大初期迅速上升，随即稳定并呈下降趋势；叶片蛋白质含量变化不明显；短缩茎蛋白质含量在二次分莫期和膨大期前出现峰值，膨大后期也转而上升，为翌年的生长积累养分。品种间各养分变化规律相似，时间上的差异与品种物候期差异相吻合。