PCV-2感染对PK-15细胞IL mRNA转录水平的影响

【目的】观察猪圆环病毒2型（PCV-2）感染对猪肾传代细胞（PK-15细胞）炎性细胞因子白细胞介素（IL） mRNA转录水平的影响,探讨宿主与病毒之间的作用关系及细胞炎性反应机制。【方法】以未感染PCV-2的PK-15细胞为对照组,运用相对定量PCR技术,测定和分析PCV2感染PK15细胞后,PCV-2 DNA相对含量的变化,以及炎性细胞因子IL-6、IL-8、IL-12p35、IL-12p40、IL-13、IL-17、IL-18 mRNA转录水平在1,6,12,24,48,和72 h的变化。【结果】PCV-2感染后,PK-15细胞的IL-6、IL-13、IL-17、IL-18 的mRNA转录水平在12 h显著增加,24 h后mRNA转录水平下降;IL-8的mRNA转录水平在48 h时最高,为对照组的2.5倍,但72 h时恢复至与对照组水平相当;随着感染时间的延长,IL-12p35、IL-12p40 的mRNA转录水平显著下降。【结论】PCV-2感染后可引起PK-15细胞中IL-6、IL-8、IL-13、IL-17、IL-18等细胞因子mRNA转录水平增加,而IL-12 mRNA转录水平下降,提示PCV-2感染后引起的PK-15细胞炎性反应与其分泌的炎性细胞因子的改变有关。     

猪圆环病毒2型/3型双重荧光定量PCR检测方法

为了能够同时快速地检测和鉴别猪圆环病毒2型和3型(PCV2和PCV3),参考GenBank中已发表的PCV2和PCV3基因组序列,针对其保守区分别设计了2对特异性引物,经优化反应体系和条件,建立了能快速检测和鉴别PCV2/PCV3双重荧光定量PCR方法.结果 表明,PCV2和PCV3的R2分别为0.999、0.9993,E值分别为3.5731、3.3734.该方法能同时特异地检测PCV2和PCV3,而对其他5种猪病原均未检测到荧光信号;PCV2和PCV3的最低检测值分别为41.1 copies·μL-1、27.0 copies·μL-1;批内和批间变异系数均小于1％.临床样本检测结果显示,PCV2和PCV3的阳性率分别为62.12％(41/66)、48.48％(32/66),二者混合感染的阳性率为46.96％(31/66).表明该方法具有敏感、特异和可靠等特点,该方法为PCV2和PCV3单独或者混合感染的早期诊断、定量检测及其流行病学调查提供了可行的技术支持.     

山东省玉米病毒病病原鉴定与防治研究

利用基因组核苷酸全序列测定、电镜观察、血清学测定、传播介体传毒试验等方法对山东省田间发生的玉米病毒病进行了病原鉴定。结果表明,山东省玉米病毒病病原主要是甘蔗花叶病毒山东株系(SCMV-SD)和玉米粗缩病毒(MDMV)。田间试验5种防治植物病毒病专用药剂对玉米病毒病均有一定的防病效果,最高防效在60%左右。采用种植抗病品种、苗期拔除病苗、药剂拌种防虫和适期施用农药等综合防治措施,防病效果达61.35%～85.75%,增产率6.25%～13.99%。     

鱼病毒性神经坏死病病毒（VNNV）不同基因型鉴别方法的建立及在VNN检疫和监测中的应用

从GenBank中查找出乙型野田村病毒组中海水鱼类各病毒的序列,并用Sequencher多重序列比较软件将其分到条纹踢神经坏死病毒(striped jack nervous necrosis virus,SJNNV)组、条纹星鲽神经坏死病毒(barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus,BFNNV)组、红点石斑鱼神经坏死病毒(redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus,RGNNV)组和虎斑东方纯神经坏死病毒(tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus,TPNNV)组4个基因型的组别中。用DNAsis序列比较软件比较同一基因型各基因序列之间的同源性,均在815％以上;不同基因型之间序列的同源性,均在66％以下。结合Premier引物设计软件和Sequencher序列多重比较软件,设计了4对引物,采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT—PCR)来鉴别这4个不同的基因型。对从深圳口岸进境的产地为台湾的海水鱼苗和广东、福建两省养殖的主要海水鱼类进行检疫和监测,结果在进境的海水鱼苗中检出有RGNNV基因型的VNNV,在福建和广东省养殖的石斑鱼成鱼和鱼苗的病鱼体内均检测到RGNNV基因型的VNNV,对上述扩增产物基因序列进行比较,相似性均在96．5％以上,推导出的氨基酸序列与玛拉巴石斑鱼神经坏死病毒(MNNV)序列相似性均为100％。     

Protective immunity of sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus Thunberg, against experimental viral nervous necrosis

This paper describes the protective immune responses of sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus Thunberg, immunized with live piscine nodavirus, the causative agent of viral nervous necrosis (VNN), or the Escherichia coli – expressed recombinant coat protein. Nodavirus-neutralizing antibodies were detected at titres ranging from 1:158 to 1:1257 in serum of sevenband grouper which survived intramuscular injection with the virus, by a cell culture assay system. The virus-neutralizing ability of immune serum was also confirmed by injecting virus previously treated with serum into fish. This indicates establishment of acquired immunity in survivors and thus explains why survivors from natural infection are resistant to recurrence of the disease. Young sevenband grouper were immunized twice by intramuscular injections with the recombinant coat protein. Immunized fish produced neutralizing antibodies at high titres for at least 110 days and showed significantly lower mortalities in virus challenge tests. These results suggest the potential for vaccination against VNN in sevenband grouper, which is susceptible to piscine nodavirus at all life-stages.     

Experimental transmission of encephalopathy and retinopathy induced by nodavirus to sea bream, Sparus aurata L., using different infection models

The transmission of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) was investigated in juvenile sea bream, Sparus aurata L. Two different infection routes [intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intramuscular injection (i.m.)] were tested at two different temperatures (20 and 26 °C) using sea bream of mean weight 0.7, 2 and 4 g, as well as an immersion challenge performed at 26 °C with sea bream of 0.7 g. Successful transmission of the disease was only achieved by i.m. injection. Mortalities of 100% occurred in sea bream of 0.7 g at day 15 post-infection and 47% in sea bream of both 2 and 4 g at day 30 post-infection in all the experimental infections at 26 °C. No mortalities were ever observed with infections at 20 °C. When mortalities were observed, the virus was detected by immunoperoxidase staining in the SSN-1 cell line inoculated with tissues from infected fish. Histological examination of both normal and infected fish showed a vacuolization in the bipolar and granular layers of the retina of the infected sea bream. This is the first experimentally induced transmission of VER in sea bream. Differences were observed at the time of disease onset depending on water temperature, the route of infection and the age of the juvenile fish.     

Outbreak of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) in Iceland caused by VHS virus genotype IV

A novel viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) of genotype IV was isolated from wild lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus), brought to a land‐based farm in Iceland, to serve as broodfish. Two groups of lumpfish juveniles, kept in tanks in the same facility, got infected. The virus isolated was identified as VHSV by ELISA and real‐time RT‐PCR. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the glycoprotein (G) gene sequences, may indicate a novel subgroup of VHSV genotype IV. In controlled laboratory exposure studies with this new isolate, there was 3% survival in the I.P. injection challenged group while there was 90% survival in the immersion group. VHSV was not re‐isolated from fish challenged by immersion. In a cohabitation trial, lumpfish infected I.P. (shedders) were placed in tanks with naïve lumpfish as well as naïve Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). 10% of the lumpfish shedders and 43%–50% of the cohabiting lumpfish survived after 4 weeks. 80%–92% of the Atlantic salmon survived, but no viral RNA was detected by real‐time RT‐PCR nor VHSV was isolated from Atlantic salmon. This is the first isolation of a notifiable virus in Iceland and the first report of VHSV of genotype IV in European waters.     

Comparative pathogenicity study of ten different betanodavirus strains in experimentally infected European sea bass,Dicentrarchus labrax (L.)

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN), is a severe pathological condition caused by RNA viruses belonging to the Nodaviridae family, genus Betanodavirus. The disease, described in more than 50 fish species worldwide, is considered as the most serious viral threat affecting marine farmed species in the Mediterranean region, thus representing one of the bottlenecks for further development of the aquaculture industry. To date, four different genotypes have been identified, namely red‐spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus and barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus, with the RGNNV genotype appearing as the most widespread in the Mediterranean region, although SJNNV‐type strains and reassortant viruses have also been reported. The existence of these genetically different strains could be the reason for the differences in mortality observed in the field. However, very little experimental data are available on the pathogenicity of these viruses in farmed fish. Therefore, in this study, the pathogenicity of 10 isolates has been assessed with an in vivo trial. The investigation was conducted using the European sea bass, the first target fish species for the disease in the Mediterranean basin. Naive fish were challenged by immersion and clinical signs and mortality were recorded for 68 days; furthermore, samples collected at selected time points were analysed to evaluate the development of the infection. Finally, survivors were weighed to estimate the growth reduction. The statistically supported results obtained in this study demonstrated different pathogenicity patterns, underlined the potential risk represented by different strains in the transmission of the infection to highly susceptible species and highlighted the indirect damage caused by a clinical outbreak of VER/VNN.     

Inhibition of hirame rhabdovirus growth by RNA aptamers

RNA aptamers are artificial nucleic acids that specifically bind to a wide variety of targets. They are an effective tool for pharmaceutical research and development of antiviral agents. Here, we describe four Hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV)‐RNA aptamers (H1, H2, H3 and H4) that we obtained from an in vitro process called the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). The HIRRV‐RNA aptamers specifically bind to HIRRV. Hirame natural embryo (HINAE) cells treated with virus and the RNA aptamer showed a decrease in appearance of cytopathic effect when compared with control (treated only with virus). Rhodovulum sulfidophilum was transformed with genes for the RNA aptamers, and the aptamers were detected in the culture medium, indicating that they were secreted from the cells. Thus, the recombinant R. sulfidophilum might be a powerful tool for the prevention of HIRRV in aquaculture.     

Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus from mummichog, stickleback, striped bass and brown trout in eastern Canada

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was isolated from mortalities occurring in populations of mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus, brown trout, Salmo trutta, and striped bass, Morone saxatilis, in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. The isolated viral strains produced a cytopathic effect on the epithelioma papillosum cyprini cell line. Serum neutralization indicated the virus was VHSV and sequencing identified the rhabdovirus isolates as the North American strain of VHSV. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates are closely related and form a distinguishable subgroup of North American type VHSV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of VHSV in mummichog and striped bass.