低压条件下滴灌毛管水头损失试验研究

对孔径0.9、1.2 mm,孔间距33 cm,管径为φ12、φ16PE滴灌毛管进行了0.25~2.4 m入口工作水头条件下的水力性能试验和分析。结果表明,在试验的工作水头下,使用达西-韦斯巴赫公式、经验公式计算出管道总水头损失值与实测值比较都有很大的偏差,通过对试验数据的回归分析,对常用的水头损失计算经验公式用以入口工作水头为变量的参数进行了修正,取得较好的计算精度。     

离心泵轴向力计算方法研究与试验验证

准确计算平衡腔液体压力是开平衡孔双密封环叶轮离心泵轴向力计算的关键技术.在设计工况下平衡腔液体压力数学模型计算中,引入了泵腔液体压力损失修正系数,解决了有液体泄漏时泵腔进口与后密封环进口液体压力差的计算问题.以降速后的IS80-50-315型离心泵为例,采用改变叶轮平衡孔直径和后密封环间隙来改变比面积的方法,研究了设计工况下平衡腔液体压力数学模型和轴向力的特性.研究结果表明,设计工况下平衡腔液体压力数学模型特性曲线,可以解决轴向力计算中平衡腔区域叶轮后盖板液体压力差计算这一关键问题;平衡腔液体压力是由平衡孔和后密封环构成的2道“闸阀”协联调节的结果,从控制轴向力角度,可通过轴向力特性曲线寻求叶轮平衡孔直径与后密封环间隙的最佳比值.用2个测试实例,验证了应用设计工况下平衡腔液体压力数学模型计算轴向力的可靠性.     

Fine‐scale movement ecology of a freshwater top predator,Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), in response to the abiotic environment over the course of a year

Fine‐scale underwater telemetry affords an unprecedented opportunity to understand how aquatic animals respond to environmental changes. We investigated the movement patterns of an aquatic top predator, Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), using a three‐dimensional acoustic telemetry system installed in Kleiner Döllnsee (25 ha), a small, shallow, mesotrophic natural lake. Adult piscivorous perch (N = 16) were tagged and tracked in the whole lake at a minimum of 9‐s intervals over the course of one year. Perch increased swimming activity with higher water temperature and light intensity. Air pressure, wind speed and lunar phase also explained perch movements, but the effects were substantially smaller compared to temperature and light. Perch showed a strong diel pattern in activity, with farther swimming distances and larger activity spaces during the daytime, compared to the night‐time. To investigate the influence of prey distribution, we sampled the prey fish in both littoral and pelagic zones in both day and night monthly using gill nets. We found that the prey fish underwent diel horizontal migration, using the littoral zone during the day and the pelagic zone during the night. However, perch showed the opposite patterns, suggesting either that the prey fish avoided predation risk or that the horizontal diel migration of perch was driven by other mechanisms. Our results collectively suggest that the movement ecology of piscivorous perch is mainly governed by a foraging motivation as a function of abiotic variables, especially temperature and light.     

基于熵权系数评价模型的烟田灌排工程综合效益分析

针对烟区土壤连作障碍、病虫害、灌溉设施落后等问题,设计不同的灌排处理,对不同处理烤烟增产效益、提质效益和灌排工程的经济效益进行分析,同时引入熵权系数评价模型,对不同灌排工程方案进行优选和评价。结果表明:不同灌排工程均具备较好的增产效益和提质效益(W1除外),微喷灌工程的增产和提质效益总体要优于低压管道;W2~W5灌排工程均具备了经济可行性,不同工程方案以W5经济效益最优,EIRR、ENPV和EBCR值分别达到27.80%、2 894.35%和2.04;本试验中综合效益最佳的灌排方案为微喷灌灌溉结合暗管排水,其中暗管间距为6m,埋深0.8m。     

低矮房屋屋面实测峰值风压分析

通过作者研制的一套可移动实验房及测试系统对近地登陆台风风速和房屋表面风压进行同步观测，研究登陆台风近地边界层风场和低矮房屋风效应.基于0801“浣熊”台风实测数据，分析了实验房屋面角部区域局部峰值负压分布特征和相关性，探讨了角部区域峰值压力时间和空间的平均拆减效应.结果发现,峰值负压系数大于现行规范规定值；并运用广义极值概率模型极值III型对角部测点峰值负压进行极值分析，角部测点峰值负压系数与其实测峰值负压相比要大26.4％.相对良态天气条件，在台风天气作用下低矮房屋屋面角部区域局部易形成较高吸力远大于现行规范推荐值.     

液压机的应用及发展

液压机是一种利用液体静压力来加工金属、塑料、橡胶、木材、粉末等制品的机械。它是利用帕斯卡定律制成的利用液体压强传动的机械和用来传递能量以实现各种工艺的机器。现在液压机不仅可用于锻压成形,也可用于压装、压块、压板、打包和矫正等工艺。比较常见的工艺有压制工艺和压制成形工艺,比如:冲压、锻压、翻边、弯曲、压装、冷挤、校直、粉末冶金、薄板拉深等。     

船舶柴油机工况监视器的设计

为了监测船舱柴油机运行时的各种温度、转速、压力等参数值,设计了一种采用单片机控制的柴油机工况监视系统。整个系统分为主系统模块和从系统模块两部分,主系统安装在机仓内,对柴油机的各种工作参数进行采集处理,并能在液晶显示器上显示出来,当参数异常时能报警。从系统模块安装在驾驶室内,与主系统模块进行无线连接,同步显示柴油机的工况参数并能在参数异常时声光报警。主从系统采用一定的协议规范来进行通信,具有较强的抗干扰能力,从而保障了系统运行的可靠性和稳定性。     

Further Modification of Pressure-Calcimeter Method for Soil Inorganic Carbon Analysis

Inorganic carbon (IC) in soil is important when considering carbon (C) fluxes and processes in the environment that involve C. Here data are presented for measurement of IC in soils using the pressure-calcimeter method of Sherrod et al. (2002) with modifications to decrease analysis time while preserving method accuracy. Inorganic C measured using a syringe to inject acid vs. the vial delivery method of the original method were not significantly different at the 95 percent confidence level when using 100-ml bottles for the analysis (R² = 0.9946). When using 20-ml bottles, bias was introduced in the measurement when using a syringe for acid delivery, likely due to small losses of pressure from the bottle during acid delivery. There was no significant difference at the 95 percent confidence level in IC measured on unsieved finely ground and coarsely ground soil. When quantifying IC in soils using the modified pressure calcimeter method with a 100-ml bottle, a syringe can be used to inject acid into the capped bottle rather than dropping a vial into the bottle and then capping it. This modification results in a modest reduction in cost and significant reduction in time required for analysis and cleanup.     

Comparison of the TONOVET Plus®, TonoVet®, and Tono-Pen Vet™ tonometers in normal cats and cats with glaucoma

Objectives

To determine the accuracy, precision, and clinical applicability of the ICare® TONOVET Plus (TVP) in cats.

Animals and Procedures

IOP readings obtained with the TVP were compared to values obtained concurrently with the original TONOVET (TV01) and Tono-Pen Vet™ (TP) in 12 normal cats (24 eyes) and 8 glaucomatous LTBP2-mutant cats (13 eyes) in vivo. Reproducibility of TVP readings was also assessed for three observers in the above cats. The anterior chambers of five different normal cat eyes were cannulated ex vivo. IOP was measured with the TVP, TV01, and TP at manometric IOPs ranging from 5 to 70 mmHg. Data were analyzed by linear regression, ANOVA and Bland–Altman plots. ANOVA was used to assess reproducibility of TVP readings obtained by different observers and an ANCOVA model controlled for variation of individual cats. p < .05 was considered significant.

Results

TVP values strongly correlated with TV01 values (y = 1.045x + 1.443, R² = .9667). The TP significantly underestimated IOP relative to the TVP and TV01, particularly at high IOP. IOP values obtained by 1 observer were significantly higher (~1 mmHg average) compared to the other 2 observers via ANCOVA analysis (p = .0006479 and p = .0203). Relative to manometry, the TVP and TV01 were significantly more accurate (p < .0001) and precise (p < .0070) than the TP in ex vivo eyes.

Conclusions

IOP readings obtained with the TVP and TV01 are broadly interchangeable between models and between observers, but subtle differences may be important in a research context. TP readings vastly underestimate high IOP in feline glaucoma.