保种群体遗传结构变化的模拟研究

本文运用电子计算机模拟的方法,分析了影响畜禽保种的主要因素,并通过不同参数组合(包括起始基因频率、群体有效含量和世代数等)的模拟试验得出三个主要结论: 1 在有性繁殖的有限群体中,原封不动地保存群体基因库中的每个基因(包括频率很低的基因)是根本不可能的。 2 在完全实行随机交配的情况下,长期保存频率较高的基因也需要相当大的群体才有可能。 3 频率较高基因的保存也不能单纯依靠群体大小,还需借助于选择。只有这样才能在小群体内长期保存频率较高的基因。     

Diagnostic and public health investigation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a dog in Ontario,Canada

A 4-y-old, female mixed-breed dog was presented to the Ontario Veterinary College for further evaluation of multiple pulmonary and hepatic masses, intrathoracic lymphadenitis, and recent development of a pyogranulomatous pleural effusion. Along with other comprehensive tests, a thoracic lymph node biopsy was performed, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection was confirmed by real-time PCR. The dog’s condition declined post-operatively, and euthanasia was elected. Postmortem examination confirmed severe granulomatous pneumonia, hepatitis, intrathoracic and intraabdominal lymphadenitis, omentitis, and nephritis. Line-probe assays performed on samples collected postmortem confirmed the species as M. tuberculosis. 24-loci MIRU-VNTR genotyping, spoligotyping, and whole-genome sequencing revealed relations to known human isolates, but no epidemiologic link to these cases was investigated. Given the concern for potential human exposure during this animal’s disease course, a public health investigation was initiated; 45 individuals were tested for M. tuberculosis exposure, and no subsequent human infections related to this animal were identified. Our case highlights the need for more readily available, minimally invasive testing for the diagnosis of canine mycobacteriosis, and highlights the ability of canid species to act as potential contributors to the epidemiology of M. tuberculosis infections.     

Effects of silver nanoparticle size, concentration and coating on soil quality as indicated by arylsulfatase and sulfite oxidase activities

Recently, the nanotechnology industry has seen a growing interest in integrating silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) into agricultural products, which increases soil exposure to these particles. This demands an investigation into the effect of AgNPs on soil health. Changes in soil enzyme activities upon exposure to AgNPs can serve as early indicators of any adverse effects that these particles may have on soil quality. This study aimed to determine the effects of AgNP size, concentration, coating, and e...     

深圳市罗湖区415名社区人群亚健康现况调查

目的 了解深圳市罗湖区社区居民亚健康状态现况及人群分布特点,为亚健康状态的干预提供相关依据.方法 采用多阶段随机抽样,对深圳市罗湖区10个社区健康服务中心415名社区居民采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行亚健康测评和身心症状分析.结果 调查对象的SCL-90总分及总均分与全国常模比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),亚健康状态主要表现为躯体症状和精神病性症状;相对于女性,男性易出现偏执症状;相对于高文化人群,低文化人群易出现躯体化、抑郁、焦虑以及敌对、精神病性等障碍;相对年轻人群,老年人群易出现躯体化、强迫、焦虑及抑郁等症状.结论 深圳市罗湖区居民身心健康状况良好,但仍存在一些危害健康的亚健康症状,必须加强社区居民健康教育,对不同健康状态的人群进行相应干预.     

甘肃省人口预测与可持续发展研究

人口问题是一个国家或地区可持续发展的前提。人口规模是否合理,对一个国家或地区未来的经济、社会和生态环境可持续发展影响深远。本文运用马尔萨斯人口模型和Logistic增长模型,利用《甘肃年鉴》统计数据对甘肃省2005~2020年的人口发展规模做出预测,取马尔萨斯人口模型和Logistic增长模型的预测结果的平均值作为预测结果,并在预测的基础上对人口与水、耕地、矿产和能源的可持续发展进行了分析,提出了可持续发展的人口对策,为甘肃省科学地制定国民经济和社会发展战略、实现人口与资源环境的可持续发展提供参考。     

人口发展与城市化水平预测——以乌兰察布市为例

科学预测人口城市化水平,对相关政策的制定、制度的改革、城市配套设施的建设以及解决就业问题都具有重要意义。本文以乌兰察布市为例,对地区总人口进行预测的基础之上,运用劳动力结构模型、劳动力地域转移模型等多种数学模型,预测了城镇人口城市化水平和非农业人口的城市化水平。最后,选取与城市化相关的七项指标,对城市化水平进行了综合预测。     

基于Web of Science文献计量学分析的全球老年食品研究进展

为深入了解国内外老年食品的研究现状和研究热点,该研究基于Web of Science核心合集(SCI-E)数据库,采用文献计量学理论和可视化分析技术,对1990～2020年全球老年食品研究文献进行分析,以为中国老年食品的研究和开发提供参考。全球有64个国家/地区、852个研究机构,236种期刊开展了老年食品研究,跨区域合作、多学科交叉融合频繁,美国、日本、法国、加拿大、中国等国家均表现出较大的研究体量和较强的合作关系,美国、荷兰老年食品研究的总体质量较高,优势研究机构大多位于欧美等发达国家,研究领域主要集中于营养学、食品科学技术、老年医学等,重点关注膳食补充、健康状况和相关风险。研究前沿有粮食不安全(food insecurity)、健康状况(health status)、生活质量(quality of life)、康复(rehabilitation)、超重(overweight)、有效性(validity)、吞咽困难(dysphagia)、滋味(taste)等。中国老年食品以糊粉类为主,分类混乱、结构单一、科技含量低,与美国、日本、荷兰等国相比还有较大的差距。中国作为世界上人口最多的国家,在人口老龄化加速发展的关键时期,老年食品的研发显得尤为迫切和重要。因此,未来老年食品研究应以老年医学和营养学理论为基础,重点开发营养强化食品和功能性食品,加强食品的感官修饰研究力度,以满足老年人营养和健康的多元化需求,积极应对全球人口老龄化问题。     

Resistance and resilience of soil biological indicators: A case study with multi-walled carbon nanotube

Soil ecosystem is experiencing stresses due to climate change, and soil inhabitants try to demonstrate their inherent resistance and resilience against those stresses. Application of nanomaterials as agricultural inputs could bring shifts in resistance and resilience patterns of soil microbes and associated enzymes, especially under short-term heat stress. With this background, the impacts of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) on the resistance and resilience of soil biological indicators were evaluated. An incubation experiment was conducted with varied MWCNT concentrations (0, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg kg^-1 soil) for 90 d after 24-h heat stress at 48 ±2 ℃ to assess the impacts of MWCNT on soil enzyme activities and microbial populations vis-à-vis their resistance and resilience indices under short-term exposure to heat stress. Enzyme activities were reduced after exposure to heat stress. Resistance indices of enzyme activities were enhanced by MWCNT application on day 1 after heat stress, whereas there was no recovery of enzyme activities after 90-d incubation. Like soil enzyme activities, resistance index values of soil microbial populations followed the similar trend and were improved by MWCNT application. Multi-walled carbon nanotube has the potential to improve resistance indices of soil enzyme activities and microbial populations under heat stress, although they could not recover to their original state during periodical incubation after heat stress. This study helps to understand the relative changes of biological indicators under MWCNT and their ability to withstand heat stress.     

硅酸盐对污染土壤铬、铅形态和小白菜吸收分布及其健康风险的影响

为保障蔬菜的品质安全,通过土壤盆裁试验,研究硅酸盐对Cr、Pb单一污染及Cr-Pb复合污染土壤中小白菜(Brassica chinensis)的生物量、土壤中Cr、Pb形态及小白菜体内Cr、Pb积累量的影响.结果表明,在受到较高水平的Cr～Pb污染时,小白菜对Pb的富集能力要明显高于Cr,被小白菜吸收的Cr、Pb都主要累积在根部.施用硅酸盐能通过减少土壤中有效态Cr、Pb的含量,从而减少小白菜对Cr、Pb的吸收,且施用效果明显,其中2.0 g/kg效果最好,但该处理严重抑制小白菜生长,不适于生产应用.而Si_1处理(1.00 g/kg)能在不影响产量的前提下极显著地降低小白菜茎中Cr、Pb的质量分数,并使叶中Pb的质量分数降至国家标准限量值附近或低于限量值,因此该处理在生产上极具应用前景.     

沈抚灌区土壤重金属污染健康风险初步评价

采用现场采样及室内测试方法对沈抚灌区农田土壤中Cu、Hg、Ni和Cd等重金属的含量进行了测定分析,利用污染指数法对灌区土壤环境质量进行了评价,并应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对灌区土壤重金属通过土壤摄食途径所引起的健康风险作了初步评价。结果表明,灌区土壤中重金属的平均浓度范围分别为Cu：22．1～40．8mg·kg^-1,Hg：0．036-0．310mg·kg^-1,Ni：29．8～44．4mg·kg^-1,Cd：0．145～0．956mg·kg^-1。4种重金属浓度平均值大小为Ni〉Cu〉Cd〉Hg;土壤中Cu、Hg、Ni和Cd所引起的成人和儿童的平均个人风险均低于可接受水平10^-6,且在这两类调查人群中,健康风险大小顺序均为Cd〉Ni〉Hg〉Cu;儿童比成人更易受到土壤重金属的影响,致癌风险是成年的3倍;灌区土壤环境质量环境评价结果显示,灌区土壤重金属污染处于轻微水平。