石榴新品种‘晶花玉石籽’

‘晶花玉石籽’是‘玉石籽’石榴的营养系自然变异。果大,平均单果质量380.12 g,最大单果612.38 g;粒大,百粒质量90.99 g。果面光洁,锈斑少,外观品质好。果实可溶性固形物含量14.0%,可食率55.4%,出汁率82.1%,风味佳。晚熟,抗裂果,耐贮藏。丰产性好,综合性状优良。     

Improving the nutritional quality and shelf life of broiler meat by feeding diets supplemented with fermented pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) by-products

1. Four experimental diets containing 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% fermented pomegranate by-products (FPB) were supplied to 320d-old broilers to evaluate the effects of FPB on growth performance, nutritional composition, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of meat.

2. Dietary supplementation of FPB linearly increased the weight gain and feed intake of broilers with linear reduction in feed conversion ratio.

3. The crude protein, iron, magnesium, and sodium content were linearly higher, whereas cholesterol was linearly lower in the breast meat of FPB-supplemented broilers. In thigh meat, linearly lower ether extract and cholesterol with higher moisture was noted in response to increasing levels of FPB.

4. The proportion of saturated fatty acids was both linearly and quadratically lower in breast and thigh meat, whereas those of monounsaturated fatty acids of breast (linear and quadratic) and n-3 fatty acids of breast and thigh (linear) meat was higher in the FPB-supplemented broilers. The n-6/n-3 ratio of breast meat was linearly lower in response to FPB supplementation. The hypocholesterolaemic to hypercholesterolaemic ratio of thigh meat was higher in the FPB-supplemented groups.

5. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and pH value were lower in the breast and thigh meat of FPB-supplemented broilers.

6. Thus, additive supplementation of the diet with up to 2% FPB improved the nutritional quality, fatty acid profile and shelf life of broiler meat.     

放线菌JS2对石榴枯萎病菌及南方根结线虫的毒力研究

石榴枯萎病是一种比较难防治的土传病害,石榴根结线虫病的广泛发生加重了石榴枯萎病发生程度及病害的防控难度,所以探索兼具拮抗石榴枯萎病及根结线虫病的生防菌,才能有效环保地控制石榴枯萎病。首次报道了链霉菌JS2兼有拮抗石榴枯萎病菌及抑杀南方根结线虫的活性。本研究从云南蒙自、建水石榴园采集的土样中分离筛选得到对石榴枯萎病菌有较强拮抗活性的放线菌,其中菌株JS2对石榴枯萎病菌的室内抑菌直径为3.5 mm。研究结果表明菌株JS2对南方根结线虫有较好的抑杀作用,50%JS2菌悬上清液处理南方根结线虫卵6 d的孵化率与对照相比降低了53.33%,50%JS2菌悬上清液处理南方根结线虫二龄幼虫72 h后,校正死亡率增加了83.88%。菌株JS2兼有拮抗石榴枯萎病菌及抑杀南方根结线虫的活性,具有潜在生防价值。结合菌株JS2在各鉴定培养基上的培养特征、形态学观察及16S rD NA序列分析,将JS2初步鉴定为公牛链霉菌(Streptomyces tauricus)。     

不同石榴品种果实酚类物质及抗氧化活性研究

为探明石榴不同栽培地区和不同品种间酚类物质含量分布特征,筛选抗氧化能力强的功能型优良品种,以山东、云南、新疆和四川地区8个主栽石榴品种的成熟期果实为试材,利用常规品质分析方法和高效液相色谱技术,对其果实品质、酚类物质和抗氧化能力进行分析。结果表明,石榴品种间果实各品质指标存在显著差异,其中,喀什甜单果质量、可溶性糖和维生素C含量最高,甜绿籽固酸比最高,泰山红可溶性固形物含量最高,红玛瑙可滴定酸含量最高。不同石榴品种果皮中酚类物质含量与抗氧化能力均最高;果汁次之,种子最低。喀什甜果皮和红玛瑙种子中酚类物质含量和DPPH自由基清除率均最高;果汁中花青苷含量和DPPH自由基清除率分别在千籽红和大青皮甜中最高,安石榴苷、没食子酸、鞣花酸、总黄酮和总酚含量在红玛瑙中最高;果皮中安石榴苷含量(平均为135.00 mg·g-1)占总酚的48.94%,是石榴果实中最主要的酚类物质。果实品质指标间、果实品质与酚类物质间存在一定的相关性,安石榴苷、没食子酸、鞣花酸、花青苷、总黄酮和总酚间互为正相关,各指标与DPPH自由基清除率均正相关。红玛瑙、喀什红和千籽红果实的综合品质佳,富含酚类物质,是值得推广和开发利用的优良品种。研究结果为石榴加工产品的研发和新品种选育提供了理论依据。     

Assessing the Potential of Pomegranate Meal and Potato Waste as New Organic Amendments for Vermicompost

Waste disposal has become one of the greatest global concerns, which has high operational costs and might cause environmental pollution. Due to the lack of the organic matter in most of the Iranian agro-ecosystem, recycling organic waste materials favors the environment by reducing chemical fertilizers as well as improving soil structure and fertility. A vermicomposting system using cow manure (CM), pomegranate meal (PM) + sawdust (S), CM + potato waste (PW), PM + PW, CM + PM, and CM + PM + PW was set up to find a viable alternative raw material for improving physico-chemical properties of vermicompost after 60 days. The amended vermicompost of PM + S and PM + PW markedly improved the electrical conductivity (EC), which were below the EC limit (by 1.01 and 2.27 dS m^?1, respectively), pH (by 7.04 and 6.60, respectively), and water holding capacity (respectively 1.9 and 1.2 times higher than CM). Vermicompost amendment led to significant reduction of organic carbon (OC), but nonetheless, PM + S and PM + PW showed higher OC content in the final product probably due to the higher initial carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio, raw material origin, and lower decomposition rate. In regard to nutrient value, the total phosphorus content in the end-product of PM + S and PM + PW was, respectively, 19.3 and 7.9 times higher compared with the final product of CM. Additionally, the amended vermicompost of PM + PW markedly improved total nitrogen content as compared with CM. The findings suggested that the additional amounts of nitrogen and potassium to PM + S and also potassium to PM + PW would improve the physico-chemical properties and fertilization of the final vermicompost considerably higher than CM vermicompost. This amendment has the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of vermicompost of CM, for example, salinity and alkalinity; and chemical fertilizers, for example, soil pollution with heavy metals in phosphate fertilizers, as well as the potential for soil rehabilitation.     

不同作物套栽对枯草芽孢杆菌控制石榴枯萎病效果的影响

本文室内测定了枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis对石榴枯萎病菌Ceratocystis fimbriata的抑菌作用,检测其在石榴Punica granatum、番茄Lycopersicum esculentum、大豆Glycine max、青菜Brassica chinensis、芫荽Coriandrum sativum、大葱Allium fistulosum var. giganteum和大蒜Allium sativum根际的定殖动态及其结合作物套栽对石榴枯萎病的盆栽控制效果。结果表明,芽孢杆菌在不同供试植物根际的定殖能力差异大,在石榴根际的定殖力弱,在番茄、大葱和大蒜根际的定殖力强;作物套栽结合施用芽孢杆菌明显地减轻了石榴枯萎病的发病程度,其中芽孢杆菌结合套栽番茄、大葱和大蒜的平均防效分别达78.14%、80.99%和78.91%。综上所述,套栽番茄、大葱和大蒜有望成为一种提高枯草芽孢杆菌控制石榴枯萎病的有效手段。     

石榴皮提取物的大孔树脂纯化及其抗氧化性能

为开发石榴皮资源提供技术支持,从D101、AB-8和DA-2013种大孔吸附树脂中筛选出D101树脂,进一步研究D101对石榴皮提取物中多酚和总黄酮的纯化工艺。所得最佳纯化工艺为:上柱液浓度5mg/mL,pH5,上柱液体积180mL,上柱液流速80mL/h,以60%乙醇溶液为洗脱液,洗脱流速80mL/h,洗脱液体积为100mL。在此条件下,多酚和总黄酮的含量由30.43%和17.12%分别提高到53.55%和35.71%。同时对纯化前后的抗氧化活性进行了比较研究。结果表明,石榴皮提取物经纯化后清除二苯基三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)和抗油脂过氧化能力都强于粗提物。     

不同氮肥用量对石榴果实产量和品质的影响

以‘秋艳’石榴为试验材料,研究了不同氮肥用量对其果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥可显著提高石榴果实产量,适量施用氮肥可增加石榴果实可溶性固形物、Vc、糖含量,降低石榴果实酸含量,提高石榴果实糖酸比,改善石榴果实的风味;施用氮肥对石榴百粒重、籽粒硬度无显著影响;石榴籽氮元素含量高于石榴皮,石榴汁中氮含量很低,中高氮处理的石榴汁中氮元素含量显著降低,石榴皮和石榴籽中氮元素含量变化不显著;本试验5年生石榴树纯氮施肥用量宜以0.4 kg·株~(-1)为宜。     

正交优化石榴花多糖提取工艺

采用水提醇沉法提取石榴花中多糖。为优化石榴花多糖提取条件,选取单因素试验中影响差异显著的提取温度、固液比、提取时间和乙醇沉淀最终浓度4个因素,并运用正交试验法优化提取工艺。结果显示,石榴花多糖最佳水提醇沉工艺条件为:提取温度95℃、提取时间3 h、固液比1∶20(g∶m L)、乙醇浓度80%醇沉。其中提取温度、固液比、提取时间及醇沉终浓度对多糖得率影响依次减小。     

石榴叶斑病球毛壳菌生长习性及杀菌剂筛选

采用生长速率法研究了云南蒙自石榴叶斑病球毛壳菌菌丝生长的条件及有效杀菌剂。结果表明,球毛壳菌菌丝在26~34℃均能生长,适宜温度是26~32℃,最适温度为28℃;偏好75%~85%的相对湿度,最适相对湿度为85%;光照促进菌丝生长;pH值4.5~7.5时均适宜于球毛壳Bd-2菌丝的生长,最适pH值为6.5,表明该菌偏好弱酸性环境。不同碳源、氮源对球毛壳菌菌丝生长的影响均较明显,麦芽糖和蛋白胨对菌丝生长有显著的促进作用。随后,分别用75%百菌清、80%甲基硫菌灵和80%代森锰锌等3种常见杀菌剂,以及细辛、小桐子和夹竹桃等3种植物提取液在培养基上进行抑菌实验,从菌丝生长的抑制率大小初步鉴定80%甲基硫菌灵为该病害的有效杀菌剂;在3种植物提取液中,细辛提取液对球毛壳Bd-2的菌丝生长抑制率最高,4 mg·mL~(-1)抑菌率达100%。明确了云南蒙自石榴叶斑病球毛壳菌生长的环境条件及有效杀菌剂,为生产上化学防治提供了选择杀菌剂的理论基础。