Reinvestigating adjuvants for the wild oat herbicide,flamprop-M-isopropyl. II: Field performance

A field trials programme was conducted in which the performance of a new emulsifiable concentrate formulation (ECI) of flamprop-M-isopropyl containing the adjuvant, ‘Dobanol’ 25-7, in a ratio of 2:1 (by weight) with the AI, was compared with the current commercial formulation of ‘Commando’, in combination with its recommended adjuvant, ‘Swirl’, for the control of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). A further treatment, in which the ‘Dobanol’ 25-7: AI ratio was increased to 4:1 by the spray tank addition of the former, was also included. The mean results from six trials (five wheat, one barley) showed that the addition of ‘Swirl’ to ‘Commando’ was beneficial, increasing wild oat floret control from a mean value of 80% to 92% at current recommended rates (flamprop-M-isopropyl, 600 g ha^?1; ‘Swirl’, 2.5 litre ha^?1). However, combinations of flamprop-M-isopropyl and ‘Dobanol’ 25-7 gave superior levels of control even at lower AI application rates. For example, a mean level of 96% control of Avena spp. was obtained at 300 g AI ha^?1 with 1200 g ha^?1 ‘Dobanol’ 25–7; with even better control at higher rates of application of both components. This improvement in performance was accompanied by a higher risk of crop phytotoxicity than observed with the ‘Commando’/‘Swirl’ mixtures. Symptoms initially were scorch and subsequently growth depression, particularly of tillers. None of the mean values in the six ‘efficacy’ trials reached commercially unacceptable levels, but in a further six ‘crop effects’ trials (three wheat, three barley), in which double rates were applied, the levels of phytotoxicity did become unacceptable and subsequently reduced grain yields. In contrast, two barley ‘crop effects’ trials gave yields higher than the control plots, possibly through the effects of reducing stem length and lodging thereby enabling more efficient harvesting. Nevertheless, there were rates of application of flamprop-M-isopropyl in the range 300–400 g ha^?1 with ratios of ‘Dobanol’ 25-7 in the range 2:1 to 4:1 that would achieve high levels of control of Avena spp. without undue risk of crop phytotoxicity and further trials are planned to support this new adjuvant system.     

聚乙烯醇共混改性膜作为农药种衣剂成膜剂的性能研究

以水溶性聚合物聚乙烯醇(PVA)和水不溶性聚合物乙酸乙烯-乙烯共聚物(VAE)乳液为原料,采用溶液共混法制备了PVA-VAE共混膜,为农药成膜剂的制备开辟了新途径。红外光谱、透射电镜、激光粒度仪测试结果显示,PVA溶液中的胶束被打开,体系的比表面积急剧增大,两相间的界面消失,说明共混体系分子间具有良好的相容性;透水性与耐水性测定结果表明,PVA-VAE的质量比为80∶ 20、70∶ 30、60∶ 40时其共混膜的性能适用于农药种衣剂的成膜剂;种子发芽试验显示,与单独使用PVA膜相比,引入适当比例VAE后的共混膜用于种子包衣,其耐水性显著提高,渗水率适宜,对种子发芽无明显影响。     

不同氮磷配比对三年生宽叶羌活药材产量及品质的影响

采用二因素随机区组设计,利用尿素、过磷酸钙不同配比施用于3 a生宽叶羌活实生苗进行施肥试验.结果表明:单施尿素时施肥量120 kg/hm2是3a生宽叶羌活药材高产的最佳施用量,单施过磷酸钙时,施用量400 kg/hm2是宽叶羌活药材产量最佳使用量.随着尿素和过磷酸钙用量的增加、3 a生宽叶羌活药材的羌活根产量、挥发油含量、醇浸出物含量逐渐增加,在尿素施肥量120 kg/hm2、过磷酸钙施用量400 kg/hm2时3 a生宽叶羌活药材根产量、挥发油含量、醇浸出物含量均达到最大,之后逐渐降低.在青藏高原地区,3 a生羌活药材产量、挥发油含量、浸出物含量最高的肥料配比为:尿素施肥量120 kg/hm2、过磷酸钙用量400 kg/hm2.     

不同载体包埋食用菌菌种的实验研究

分别用海藻酸钠、聚乙烯醇、卡拉胶、明胶、醋酸纤维素和聚丙烯酰胺作载体,对食用菌菌种进行固定化实验,结果显示以10%聚乙烯醇添加0.8%海藻酸钠为包埋剂进行菌种固定化,所制备的固定化菌种其机械强度和细胞活性都最好。     

气相色谱法测定白酒中甲醇及杂油醇含量的探讨

建立了一种用毛细管气相色谱法(Capillary Gas Chromatography,简称FID)测定白酒中甲醇和杂醇油的方法,对程序升温中的温度和时间、载气流速等色谱条件进行了优化。结果表明,甲醇及杂油醇浓度在0.04~1.00 g/L内呈良好的线性关系(≥0.9991),样品加标回收率在89.24%~93.21%,该方法准确、可靠、快速。     

聚乙烯醇对水稻玉米种子萌发代谢作用及生长的影响

聚乙烯醇Ｐｏｌｙｖｉｎｙａｌｃｏｈｏｌ（ＰＶＡ）具有聚乙二醇Ｐｏｌｙｅｔｈｙｌｅｎｅｇｌｙｃｏｌ（ＰＥＧ）相同的作用：预处理水稻玉米种子后可提高种子活力,促进萌发代谢,其脂肪酶、淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶Ｃａｔａｌａｓｅ（ＣＡＴ）活性都有不同程度的提高。其丙二醇Ｍａｌｏｎｄｉａｌｄｉａｌｄｅｄｙｄｅ（ＭＤＡ）则有所下降。     

芒果皮渣多糖提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

以芒果皮渣为原料,采用热水浸提法,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面法优化芒果皮渣多糖的提取工艺,同时分析芒果皮渣多糖的最佳沉淀条件,并利用清除ABTS+·、DPPH·和·OH能力评价其体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,芒果皮渣多糖的最佳提取及醇沉工艺条件为:浸提温度98℃,浸提时间4 h,料液比1∶40(g/mL),在此条件下芒果皮渣多糖提取率为9.29%。芒果皮渣多糖最佳醇沉工艺为:浸提次数3次,浸提液浓缩5倍,4倍体积95%乙醇醇沉6 h。体外抗氧化试验表明,芒果皮渣多糖对ABTS+·、DPPH·和·OH均有一定的清除效果,随着芒果皮渣多糖质量浓度的增加清除能力逐渐增强,当多糖浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,其对ABTS+·、DPPH·和·OH的清除率分别达到42.58%、92.37%和41.59%,此时还原力为1.49。     

酒精生理盐水合剂麻醉对家兔的影响

为探讨酒精生理盐水合剂的麻醉效果,观察了10只家兔注射40%的酒精生理盐水合剂麻醉前后的心率、呼吸、体温的变化。结果表明,酒精生理盐水合剂可以使兔呼吸频率降低,心率升高,体温下降;酒精生理盐水对家兔麻醉效果较好。     

龙眼果醋酒精发酵条件的优化

在单因素的基础上探讨了温度、氮源、酵母接种量及龙眼汁含糖量和初始pH对酒精发酵的影响,以龙眼汁含糖量、温度和酵母接种量3个影响酒精发酵的主要因素设计3个因素5个水平的正交试验并进行了优化.结果表明,按固形物含量∶(NH4)2HPO4=900∶1的比例添加(NH4)2HPO4,龙眼汁初始pH为4-5时的最佳发酵条件为:温度27℃,龙眼汁含糖量20%,酵母接种量0.1%,酒精发酵后,酒精含量高达11.6%,VC含量为0.268 mg.mL-1,氨基酸态氮含量为1.13 mg.mL-1.