Effect of three triploidy induction methods on the growth and survival of larvae and post‐larvae of the Caribbean scallop Argopecten nucleus

Argopecten nucleus is a small scallop from the Caribbean Sea and a relatively new species for aquaculture. One of the key challenges to develop the farming operations for this species from the current pilot scale to commercial level is to improve its harvest size. In this study, we tested three different methods for triploidy induction. Additionally, the effect of these protocols on survival, developmental rate and size of larvae and post‐larvae were assessed. Three different mechanisms to stimulate the inhibition of the release of the second polar body were tested; (1) cold shock (18°C); (2) 6‐dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP); (3) cytochalasin B (CB) and (4) dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). The treatment with 6‐DMAP yielded the highest percentage of triploid larvae (39%). The survival and development rate, however, were higher in non‐treated larvae (control) than in the treatment groups. Interestingly, larvae from CB and the DMSO control groups exhibited lower growth rates in length than those from control and the other two treatments. No influence of the triploidy induction treatments was observed on post‐larvae survival, but the size of post‐larvae was larger for the cold shock treatment and DMSO control group. Our results indicate that the use of 6‐DMAP has the greatest potential to produce triploid larvae of A. nucleus without affecting negatively growth and survival of post‐larvae.     

橡胶树人工多倍体染色倍性研究

以经秋水仙素诱导成功的少垦2和PR107品系16a树龄的橡胶树人工多倍体无性系（处理）和其亲本二倍体（对照）植株为材料，分析多倍体橡胶树细胞染色体倍性的组成情况和纯合程度，并分析比较多倍体与二倍体之间及其树间和部位间细胞染色体倍性组成的差异情况。结果表明：（1）这2个品系的多倍体植株系由多种染色体倍性的细胞嵌合在一起构成，且以多倍细胞为主；在植株之间或部位间，这些不同倍性细胞的比例结构或嵌合程度差异很大；经过16a的生长，这些橡胶树多倍体的三倍细胞比例明显增加，而相应的四倍细胞比例大幅度下降，四倍细胞有逐渐向三倍细胞转化的趋势。（2）对照的2个品系的亲本二倍体各植株以及植株内的各部位的细胞，基本上是二倍体，细胞染色体倍性较纯合，植株间和部位间各种染色体倍性细胞比例差异均不显著。本上是二倍体，细胞染色体倍性倍性较纯合，植株间和部位间各种染色体倍性细胞比例差异均不显著。     

On the specific status of Gossypium lanceolatum Todaro

Summary Gossypium lanceolatum comprises a group of laciniate-leaved commensal cottons from the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Guerrero. This geographically restricted, morphologically distinct group of perennial cottons has been considered conspecific with G. hirsutum, with which it is sympatric. In addition to its questionable specific status, G. lanceolatum has added importance because it represents the focal point of an hypothesis that New World tetraploid Gossypium have a polyphyletic origin—an hypothesis that conflicts with the more widely accepted view that New World tetraploid Gossypium have a monophyletic origin. To reassess the systematic and genetic relationships between G. lanceolatum and G. hirsutum, historical data were reconsidered in the context of recently published molecular marker based data. Chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers fail to discriminate G. lanceolatum from G. hirsutum, uniting both into a single phylogenetic lineage. A new analysis of allelic variability at 50 allozyme loci in 11 G. lanceolatum and 527 G. hirsutum accessions demonstrates that G. lanceolatum has no unique alleles relative to G. hirsutum. Genetic identity estimates were uniformly high (> 0.96) among G. lanceolatum and geographically adjacent, mainland Mesoamerican groups of G. hirsutum accessions. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that G. lanceolatum is genetically embedded within geographically adjacent populations of G. hirsutum. These data, in conjunction with the complete interfertility between the two taxa and previous evidence for conspecificity, lead to the conclusion that G. lanceolatum does not warrant specific status. Rather, it is more properly recognized as a locally developed, domesticated form of G. hirsutum, i.e., G. hirsutum race palmeri.     

金沙柚实生后代多倍体诱导研究

金沙柚是江西甜柚的一个主栽品种,具有风味独特,丰产性好等优点,但果实种子较多。本研究采用秋水仙素、氨磺乐灵和氟乐灵三种诱导药剂,分别对金沙柚种子进行浸种、幼芽期诱导处理和幼苗期诱导处理,并对不同药剂的处理浓度进行比较优选。结果表明,浸种处理以0.3%氨磺乐灵处理24 hr效果较好;幼芽期诱导以采用0.05%秋水仙素处理8 hr效果较好;而苗期诱导处理,各药剂均可获得较高的诱导率,其中以0.3%的秋水仙素诱导效果最佳,多倍体诱导率可达58.90%。     

橡胶树人工多倍体的形态性状与产胶特征

以经秋水仙素诱导成功的海垦2、PR107和RRIM6003个品系多倍体(处理)为材料,以它们的亲本二倍体为对照,研究16a树龄橡胶树人工多倍体无性系的形态特征和干胶含量。结果表明:3个橡胶品系具有多倍体的形态特征,又表现出嵌合性。它们的树围、生势不及相应的二倍体,干胶含量也不优于二倍体。大多数多倍体植株的树干表面呈现不同程度的隆凸或凹陷。叶片的叶形指数、一级侧脉数、主脉导管列数、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度和叶片厚度6个主要性状在多倍体与二倍体之间均存在显著或极显著差异,体现了多倍体与二倍体之间的差异性;但在多倍体的植株间或部位间以及二倍体的植株间或部位间,表现出来的差异性错综复杂,无一定的规律性。多倍体树皮结构与二倍体的差异也很明显,如多倍体射线较二倍体的少,射线细胞较宽,树皮弦切面上的“网眼”(多列射线排列成的梭状结构)较宽、形状不规则、排列较混乱等。      

药用百合的多倍体诱导及快速繁殖

为改良现有的药用百合栽培品种,丰富遗传育种资源。在无菌条件下,将丛生芽浸入0.02%,0.05%,0.10%,0.25%,0.50%秋水仙碱水溶液中1～4d,然后转入MS 1mg·L-16-BA 0.5mg·L-1NAA中培养;或将浸透0.02%,0.05%,0.10%,0.25%秋水仙碱溶液的药棉嵌入已转入MS 1mg·L-16-BA 0.5mg·L-1NAA中的丛生芽上培养1～5d。结果是培养30d后,2种方法都诱导出了变异芽。通过根尖细胞染色体检测,变异芽为四倍体或嵌合体。结论为以浓度为0.1%的秋水仙碱溶液浸泡处理丛生芽3d效果最好,得到的变异芽75%为纯合的四倍体,其染色体数量由24(2n=2x=24)变为48(2n=4x=48)。     

Analysis of protoplast-derived plants of Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl

Of 3272 plants regenerated from protoplasts of 10 Saintpaulia ionantha genotypes, 98.4% survived transfer to the greenhouse. The frequency of regenerants with chlorophyll deficiencies, i.e. variegated leaves or albinos, was low (1.5%). There was a higher number of polyploid, in most cases tetraploid plants, regenerated from protoplasts (16%) which were identified by their altered morphology. Measurements of stomatal length and counting the number of chloroplasts per guard cell also allowed a clear differentiation between diploid and polyploid plants. The classification was confirmed by DNA content determination using flow cytometry. Mechanisms leading to polyploidization included spontaneous protoplast fusion as well as chromosome doubling during callus growth and shoot regeneration. Two genotypes with instabilities in flower colour showed completely altered flower colours in plants regenerated from protoplasts as well as in plants regenerated on leaf explants in vitro.     

Enhancing the productivity of secondary metabolites via induced polyploidy: a review

Summary Artificial polyploidy generally enhances the vigour of determinate plant parts and may be favourable where vegetative organs and biomass constitute the economic product. Giving suitable examples, it is shown that genomic multiplication can confer enhanced production and/or qualitative improvement in the biochemical profile of secondary metabolites. Allopolyploidisation can bring about natural complementation of biosynthetic pathways to harness the useful metabolites. A plea is made to utilise the induced polyploidy approach as a rapid means to attain enhanced production of secondary metabolites: pharmaceuticals, aroma chemicals, etc. The necessary prerequisites that may be needed for achieving genetic stability and reproductive success of the induced polyploids are outlined.     

毛酸浆浸渍法多倍体诱导技术

以毛酸浆露白种子为试验材料,采用浸渍法进行多倍体诱导,研究了秋水仙素浓度和浸渍时间对后代表型变异率和死亡率的影响,以期筛选适合毛酸浆的多倍体诱导技术体系。结果表明:随着秋水仙素浓度升高和处理时间的延长,毛酸浆下胚轴膨大率升高,但过长的处理时间(36 h)会造成下胚轴膨大率下降。变异株气孔变大、密度变小,染色体数目鉴定结果为正常株2n=2x=24条,变异株2n=4x=48条。不同品种对秋水仙素浓度敏感程度不同,"铁把青"对秋水仙素较敏感,最适宜处理组合为100 mg·L^-1秋水仙素处理12 h,30 d表型变异率可达8.67%;"大黄菇娘果"和"粒粒甜小菇娘"最适宜处理组合为200 mg·L^-1秋水仙素处理12 h,30 d表型变异率分别为6.33%和6.67%。流式细胞仪鉴定发现很多表型变异株是混倍体,流式细胞仪可以在早期对变异株的倍性进行准确鉴定,还可以减少混倍体对育种的影响。     

2n gametes in potato species and their function in sexual polyploidization

Summary The extent and pattern of polyploidy in the tuber-bearing Solanums varies among the many taxanomic series that have been identified in this subsection of Solanum. While several series appear to be entirely diploid, others exhibit a range of ploidy levels from 2x to 6x, and some contain only polyploid species.In many diploid, triploid and tetraploid species 2n gametes (gametes or gametophytes with the sporophytic chromosome number) have been detected. Both 2n eggs and 2n pollen occur. 2n gametes provide the opportunity for unilateral and bilateral sexual polyploidization. The genetic determination and consequences of sexual polyploidization strongly suggest that 2n gametes have been the major instrument in the polyploid evolution of the tuber-bearing Solanums. Somatic doubling of species and interspecific hybrids appears to be of very limited importance.New evidence for the occurrence of 2n eggs and 2n pollen in many species is reported, and data from the literature are added to illustrate the widespread distribution of 2n gametes throughout the subsection. A very high correlation is found between polyploidy and 2n gametes, and its significance is discussed. Proof is presented for the occurrence of alleles governing 2n pollen production in the cultivated tetraploids, providing additional evidence for the hypothesis that 2n gametes have been involved in their origin.Multiple unilateral and bilateral sexual polyploidizations are proposed for the origin of the cultivated tetraploids: this accounts for the large variability encountered in this group, which closely resembles that of the related diploids. Similar evolutionary pathways are hypothesized for the other polyploid complexes in the subsection.A scheme is proposed in which participation of both 2n and n gametes link together all ploidy levels in the tuber-bearing Solanums, thus overcoming the ploidy barriers and providing for gene flow throughout the sympatric species of the subsection.Paper No. 2093 from the Laboratory of Genetics. Research supported by the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, a gift from Frito-Lay, Inc., and grants from NIH (GM 15422) and The International Potato Center. Plant materials, unpublished chromosome counts and technical help of IR-1 are gratefully acknowledged.