Influence of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) intercropping and polyethylene mulching on early growth of walnut (Juglans spp.) in central Italy

Combined production of timber and forage species is considered to be a desirable land-use system to offset some of the current land management problems of Italy. This paper reports the early results of a study on intercropping young plants of walnut with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), with or without polyethylene mulching, in an experimental plantation in central Italy. Two genotypes of walnut were used:Juglans regia L. and the French hybrid NG23×RA. The seasonal changes of absolute and relative growth rates of walnut stem diameter and apical shoot length were investigated.During both growing seasons, alfalfa intercropping strongly decreased walnut growth, whereas polyethylene mulching promoted stem height and diameter growth. Stem growth of intercropped-and-mulched walnut was the same as that of sole walnut under clean cultivation management. The use of polyethylene mulching reduced or avoided the competitive effect of associated alfalfa on walnut growth. During both growing seasons, the intercropped-and-mulched walnut had higher relative growth rates than intercropped-unmulched walnut. The results show the effectiveness of polyethylene mulching in promoting early growth of walnut, even when intercropped with alfalfa during early stages of plantation establishment.     

Effects of pistachio by‐products on digestibility,milk production,milk fatty acid profile and blood metabolites in Saanen dairy goats

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pistachio by‐products (PBP) on nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and milk fatty acid (FA) profile in Saanen dairy goats. Nine multiparous lactating Saanen goats (on day 90 post‐partum, 45 ± 2/kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 3 × 3 Latin square design with three treatment diets: 1) control diet (alfalfa hay based), 2) 32% PBP and 3) 32% PBP + polyethylene glycol (PEG‐4000; 1 g/kg dry matter). Each period lasted 21 days, including 14 day for treatment adaptation and 7 day for data collection. Pistachio by‐products significantly decreased (p < 0.01) crude protein (CP) digestibility compared with the control diet (64.4% vs. 58.7%), but PEG addition did not differ for CP digestibility of goats fed 32% PBP + PEG and those fed the two other diets. The digestibility of NDF tended (p = 0.06) to decrease for goats fed PBP compared with those fed the control diet. Yields of milk and 4% fat‐corrected milk were not affected by dietary treatments. Compared with the control diet, PBP supplementation appreciably changed the proportions of almost all the milk FA measured; the main effects were decreases (p < 0.01) in FA from 8:0 to 16:0 and increases (p < 0.01) proportions of cis‐9, trans‐11 18:2 and trans‐11 18:1, monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA and long‐chain FA. The saturated FA, short‐chain FA and medium‐chain FA proportions were lower (p < 0.01) in goats fed the two PBP supplemented diet than in those fed the control diet and PEG addition led to intermediate proportions of saturated FA, unsaturated and monounsaturated FA. Inclusion of PBP in the diet decreased (p < 0.01) plasma concentrations of glucose and urea nitrogen compared with the control diet. It was concluded that PBP can be used as forage in the diet of dairy goats without interfering with milk yield. Inclusion of 32% PBP in the diet of dairy goats had beneficial effects on milk FA profile but PEG addition to PBP did not contribute to enhance further milk FA profile.     

用蓖麻油合成聚氨酯乳液的研究

以蓖麻油与聚醚（N210，Mn=1000)、甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）为主要原料，以二乙烯三胺、环氧氯丙烷、马来酸酐等为亲水单体，通过丙酮法制得了稳定的水性聚氨酯乳液。探讨了聚合反应的机理，研究了亲水单体含量对聚氨酯乳液的粘度、稳定性、乳液成膜的干燥时间以及胶膜的耐水性的影响。结果表明，当亲水单体环氧氯丙烷和马来酸酐含量为18.0%时，可以制得稳定的含蓖麻油的水性聚氨酯乳液，并且胶膜具有良好的耐水性。     

Buffer nitrogen solubility,in vitro ruminal partitioning of nitrogen and in vitro ruminal biological activity of tannins in leaves of four fodder tree species

This study explores the chemical composition, buffer N solubility, in vitro ruminal N degradability and in vitro ruminal biological activity of tannins in leaves from Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Morus alba and Trichanthera gigantea trees. These tree leaves are a potential protein source for ruminants, but their site‐influenced nutritive value is largely unknown. Leucaena leucocephala leaves had the highest N content (42.1 g/kg DM), while T. gigantea leaves had the least (26.1 g/kg DM). Leucaena leucocephala had the highest buffer solubility index (20%), while 10% of the total N in leaves of the other three species was soluble. The rapidly fermentable N fraction ‘a’ was highest in M. alba leaves (734.9 g/kg DM) and least in T. gigantea leaves (139.5 g/kg DM). The rate of fermentation (c) was highest for M. alba (7%/hours) leaves. No significant correlations were recorded between buffer solubility index of N and in vitro ruminal N degradability parameters: a, b, and c. The highest response to tannin inactivation using polyethylene glycol, in terms of percentage increase in 36‐hours cumulative gas production, was recorded in M. alba (39%) and T. gigantea (38%) leaves. It was concluded that buffer solubility of N is not a good indicator of ruminal N degradation in the leaves of these tree species. Leaves of M. alba could be more valuable as a source of rapidly fermentable N when animals are offered low‐protein, high‐fibre diets compared with other tree species evaluated in the current study. However, when feeding M. alba leaves, the role of tannins must be considered because these secondary plant compounds showed significant in vitro ruminal biological activity.     

The effect of supplementing leaves of four tannin‐rich plant species with polyethylene glycol on digestibility and zootechnical performance of zebu bulls (Bos indicus)

The effect of supplementing leaves of four tannin‐rich plant species with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) on nutrient intake and digestibility as well as on weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and N retention of zebu bulls (Bos indicus) was studied. Leaves of Albizia gummifera, Grewia ferruginea, Prunus africana and Syzygium guineense, containing, respectively, 85, 55, 76 and 172 g condensed tannins (CT) per kg dry matter (DM), were combined with natural pasture hay in a ratio of 40:60 on DM basis. The four diets were fed both without and with addition of PEG, at a dose of 40 g per kg DM, to eight zebu bulls during trials of 25 days in an 8 × 8 randomized crossover design. Supplementation with PEG increased nutrient intake, digestibility, FCR, N retention and average daily gain (p < 0.01). A diet × PEG interaction was observed for nutrient intake as well as for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibility (p < 0.05), but the effect size of PEG addition could not be attributed to the CT content as such, and also digestibility without PEG was not related to CT content of the diets. The reason why the efficacy of PEG addition did not relate to the CT content pointed the need to evaluate other factors that can help to predict the efficacy of PEG, for example, tannin type or interaction with other nutrients.     

乙醛、对苯二甲酸、乙二醇对鲢、草鱼的联合毒性

实验按毒性单位1：1：1设计，研究乙醛、对苯二甲酸、乙二醇等化纤污水中主要污染物对鲢、草鱼的稚鱼和幼鱼的联合毒性。实验结果表明，乙醛＋对醛二甲酸＋乙二醇对鲢的稚鱼和幼鱼的96hLC50值分别为21300．6和27438.8mg/L；对草鱼的稚鱼和幼鱼的96gLC50值分别为27387．3和25606．2mg/L。联合毒性效应均表现为相加作用。     

Long-term cryopreservation of spermatophore of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Long‐term cryopreservation of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, spermatophores using glycerol (Gly) and ethylene glycol (EG) as cryoprotective agents (CPAs) was studied. The tolerance of sperm to cryopreservation was evaluated on the basis of sperm survival and fertilizing ability. The survival of the sperm was determined by trypan blue staining, while the fertilizing ability was assessed from artificial insemination of the cryopreserved spermatophores. The rates of embryo survival on day 5 after spawning and of spermatophores capable of producing embryos survived to hatching were determined. Storage of spermatophores at ?20°C without CPA for a short period of up of 1–5 days decreased the sperm survival significantly and did not preserve fertilizing ability. Preservation at ?20°C in the presence of 10% or 20% Gly or of 10% or 20% EG offered a simple and efficient short‐term storage up to 10 days. For a long‐term storage, cryopreservation in the presence of 20% EG at ?196°C was more efficient than at ?20°C. High sperm survival rates and high fertilizing ability were recorded from those cryopreserved at ?196°C for up to 150 days. High sperm survival rates with moderate levels of fertilizing ability were obtained from those cryopreserved at ?20°C for not more than 30 days. The results indicate that preservation at ?196°C with 20% EG is a suitable procedure for long‐term storage of the giant freshwater prawn spermatophores.     

纤维素酶和丙二醇对产后奶牛能量负平衡相关血清指标的影响

本文旨在比较饲粮中添加纤维素酶和丙二醇对产后奶牛能量负平衡相关血清指标、尿液酮体浓度的影响。试验选择24头处于围产前期奶牛随机分成3组,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,另设置丙二醇组(基础饲粮+0.5%丙二醇制剂)和纤维素酶组(基础饲粮+0.1%纤维素酶制剂),测定产后第1、20、40、60和100天奶牛能量负平衡相关血清指标、尿液酮体的浓度。结果表明:在产后第1天丙二醇组血清葡萄糖和胰岛素浓度显著高于其余2组(P<0.05);在产后第1、20、40和60天,丙二醇组血清游离脂肪酸和尿液酮体浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),第20天显著低于纤维素酶组(P<0.05);甘油三酯等与肝脏脂肪代谢相关的血清指标试验组优于对照组,且以丙二醇组更好。综上,饲粮添加丙二醇及纤维素酶对奶牛产后能量负平衡有一定的改善作用,且以添加0.5%丙二醇制剂效果相对更好。     

3种不同规模化培养模式对湛江等鞭金藻生产力及色素含量的影响

为进一步提高湛江等鞭金藻室外规模化培养效率,对管道式光生物反应器、聚乙烯桶和水泥池3种微藻室外规模化培养模式下湛江等鞭金藻的藻密度进行了评估比较.试验将接种藻密度控制为10.0×104 cells/mL,培养周期为16 d.结果显示:管道式光生物反应器培养模式下,生产力相对最高为0.0543 g/L/d、比生长速率为0...     

Glycol Chitosan-Based Fluorescent Theranostic Nanoagents for Cancer Therapy

Theranostics is an integrated nanosystem that combines therapeutics with diagnostics in attempt to develop new personalized treatments with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and safety. As a promising therapeutic paradigm with cutting-edge technologies, theranostic agents are able to simultaneously deliver therapeutic drugs and diagnostic imaging agents and also monitor the response to therapy. Polymeric nanosystems have been intensively explored for biomedical applications to diagnose and treat various cancers. In recent years, glycol chitosan-based nanoagents have been developed as dual-purpose materials for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy. They have shown great potential in cancer therapies, such as chemotherapeutics and nucleic acid and photodynamic therapies. In this review, we summarize the recent progress and potential applications of glycol chitosan-based fluorescent theranostic nanoagents for cancer treatments and discuss their possible underlying mechanisms.