Bioavailability of zinc and lead from a contaminated soil amended with pine bark-goat manure compost

The distribution in soil and plant uptake of zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) as influenced by pine bark-goat manure (PBG) compost additions were investigated from the soils artificially contaminated with Zn or Pb ions using maize (Zea mays L.) as a test crop. Soils were amended with four rates of pine bark-goat manure compost (0, 50, 100, and 200 tons ha^?1) and four rates (0, 300, 600 and 1200 mg kg^?1) of Zn or Pb. Maize was planted and grown for 42 days. At harvest, plants samples were analyzed for Zn and Pb concentration. Soils samples were analyzed for pH, extractable and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Zn and Pb. Extractable Zn and Pb was lower in PBG compost amended soils than in unamended soils and steadily declined with increasing amount of compost applied. The extractable fraction for Zn dropped by 62.2, 65.0 and 44.6% for 300, 600 and 1200 mg Zn kg^?1, respectively when 200 t ha^?1 of PBG compost was applied. Metal uptake by maize plants were directly related to the rate of applied heavy metal ions with greater concentrations of metals ions found where metal ions were added to non-amended soils.     

Effect of Conditioning Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate (ZnSHH) with Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Neem Oil on Growth,Productivity, Zinc Biofortification of Grain and Zinc Uptake by Basmati Rice

Commercial grade zinc (Zn) sulfate hepta hydrate (ZnSHH) is the most widely used source of Zn in India and several other countries for amelioration of Zn deficiency in crops. However, it releases water of hydration at temperature above 30°C and forms lumps on storage, which make it difficult to handle it and apply in fields. Therefore, conditioning of ZnSHH with ZnO and neem oil reduces the release of water of hydration and prevents lumps formation and can be well stored. Field experiments were conducted at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India during rice growing seasons (July-November) of 2009 and 2010 to study the effect of conditioning ZnSHH with ZnO and neem oil on growth, productivity and Zn fortification of rice (Oryza sativa) grain and uptake by Basmati rice ‘Pusa 1121’. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 3 replications comprised of 9 treatments of Zn fertilization. The present study shows that when conditioned with 2% ZnO and 4% neem oil ZnSHH improved yield attributes, grain and straw yields, Zn uptake and partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE), recovery efficiency (RE), and physiological efficiency (PE) of Zn in Basmati rice ‘Pusa 1121’. In general, ZnO was inferior to ZnSHH. Application of ZnSHH conditioned with 2% ZnO and 4% neem oil can be a better source of Zn for transplanted puddled Basmati rice on Zn deficient soils.     

不同喷灌定额下垄作沟播油葵根系生长及分布特征

垄作沟播喷灌技术是集垄作沟播与喷灌技术为一体的节水栽培技术.以不同灌水定额各设4个处理(灌水定额分别为24 mm、30 mm、36 mm、42 mm,灌水5次),以常规覆膜喷灌为对照(灌水定额42 mm,灌水5次).通过测定不同灌水处理下垄作沟播油葵根系生长及分布特征等指标,分析了不同灌水处理对油葵根系纵向、横向生长及...     

车辆换挡系统调压阀优化设计与试验

针对车辆换挡充油过程中离合器充油压力曲线的实际值与理想值之间存在偏差的问题,建立了包含供油单元、电磁换向阀、调压阀和离合器的换挡系统仿真模型,采用AMESim对充油过程进行仿真分析。以充油压力为优化目标,应用误差积分准则确定优化函数,通过Pareto图得到调压阀中影响充油压力的关键参数为阀口开度、弹簧预紧力和阻尼孔直径。分别采用二次拉格朗日非线性规划算法(Non-linear programming by quadratic Lagrangian,NLPQL)和遗传算法(Genetic algorithms,GA)对上述参数进行优化。对比优化后的仿真充油曲线与理想充油曲线,可知遗传算法为最优算法,并确定了调压阀的最优结构参数。根据控制变量法设计试验方案,结果表明,采用遗传算法优化后,换挡系统的稳定性在一定程度上得到提高,其充油过程更加符合理想充油过程,换挡品质得到改善。     

基于载La半焦基催化的松木热解试验

采用浸渍法,以松木热解半焦为载体,制备了载La半焦基催化剂,利用自行设计的两段式生物质催化热解固定床反应系统进行松木燃料棒催化热解试验,研究不同重整温度下载La半焦基催化剂对生物质热解气、焦油、焦炭三相产物的影响规律.通过气体组分的变化、焦油FTIR谱图的变化以及催化剂SEM、XRD表征特性测试,探讨载La半焦基催化剂...     

三七土壤水蒸气消毒针结构设计与试验

针对连作障碍严重制约三七种植可持续发展的问题,设计一种针式水蒸气输出装置,对消毒针的结构参数进行优化,并通过土槽试验进行验证。通过Fluent软件对消毒针内部进行仿真,结果表明,消毒针出口流速、压力增大,出口温度无明显变化。土壤热传导试验表明,在5 min内即可将土壤加热到90℃,土壤加热基本规律为下层土壤加热效率较低、上层土壤加热效率高。为了探究消毒针不同结构参数对土壤升温效果的影响,选取单侧孔口数量、孔口直径和水蒸气出射角作为试验因素,选取土壤升温到90℃所需时间作为试验指标,进行了正交试验,确定消毒针最优结构参数组合为:消毒针单侧孔口数量为4个、孔口直径为2 mm、水蒸气出射角为45°,此时土壤升温到90℃时间最短,为116 s。通过Fluent多孔介质传热仿真得出,消毒针的最佳排布方式为6×6,最佳数量为36根,间距为250 mm。对消毒后的土壤有机质含量及pH值进行检测,表明消毒后土壤环境符合三七生长的环境要求。     

生物油重质油醇类添加剂提质研究

通过加入不同质量分数(5%~25%)的甲醇、乙醇、辛醇及其混合醇对松子壳热解重质油进行提质研究,考察醇添加剂对重质油理化特性影响及其存储稳定性。研究发现加入醇添加剂超声处理后能显著降低重质油的粘度、含水率和p H值,并提高其热值;同时使多环芳烃、酮类等物质含量降低,脂肪烃、芳香烃等含量增加。混合醇处理重质油的品质更好,存储56 d后性质仍较稳定,粘度和含水率随储存时间延长稍有增加。加入甲辛醇56 d后重质油的粘度为980 m Pa·s,含水率为21.02%,增长速率仅均为原始重质油的一半;且添加量越高,油的热值越高,添加量25%时热值为32.66 MJ/kg。但从热重分析发现甲辛醇添加量为20%时燃烧性能最好,其燃烧段的失重速率最大并且燃烧后的灰分最少。     

油棕园间套种菠萝对土壤养分及酶活性的影响

为了探索幼龄油棕园间套种菠萝对土壤养分以及酶活性的影响,采用大田试验,在油棕与不同品种菠萝间套种种植模式下比较分析油棕园土壤养分及土壤酶活性大小。结果表明：间套种菠萝能够降低土壤pH值,有机质含量间套种处理与对照差异不明显,菠萝收获期较生长期有机质含量提高。土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量间套种处理要高于对照,土壤速效钾生长期间套种处理高于对照,成熟期处理与对照间差异不显著。间套种处理整体上降低土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性,但却提高了过氧化氢酶的活性。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱法在橄榄油掺假鉴别中的应用

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对橄榄油、葵花籽油、花生油、玉米油、大豆油、菜籽油、棕榈油7种食用植物油的红外光谱信息进行分析。结果表明,橄榄油的红外吸收光谱在吸收峰的位置及吸光度上均与其他种类的植物油有区别,以3005~3009 cm^-1、1117~1121 cm^-1处的吸收峰作为种类区分。模拟掺假过程,向橄榄油中掺入其他6种不同比例的低价值植物油后,发现1097、3005 cm^-1处吸收峰的峰面积与掺假百分比呈线性关系。此外,对7种食用植物油180℃加热2 h后的红外光谱图进行分析,发现968、1097 cm^-1处的吸收峰变化趋势有差异,橄榄油呈上升趋势而其他种类的植物油则呈现下降趋势。掺假橄榄油加热后谱图分析发现3005 cm^-1处的峰面积有所降低,但与掺假百分比仍呈线性关系,掺入5%低价油,3400~3650 cm^-1区域呈明显增加趋势,据此可以鉴别掺假量低至5%的橄榄油,这为橄榄油的掺假鉴别提供了一种快速高效的方法。     

迷迭香抗氧化剂在食用油脂中的应用

采用国家标准测定方法,将不同抗氧化剂添加量、不同混合温度与不同种类抗氧化剂对花生油过氧化值的影响进行了比较.结果表明,在花生油中添加0.03%迷迭香抗氧化剂时,抗氧化效果较好,在150℃时还具有抗氧化性能;其抗氧化性强弱顺序为:迷迭香＞PG(没食子酸丙酯)＞BHA(丁基羟基苯甲醚).