泡桐丛枝植原体胸苷酸激酶的原核表达、纯化及酶活性测定

胸苷酸激酶是d TTP从头合成和补救途径的关键酶,催化d TMP形成d TDP,在DNA复制和生物的生存中发挥着必不可少的作用。本文在前期研究的基础上,对从泡桐丛枝(Pa WB)植原体中获得的的3个同源蛋白TMK-a-1、TMK-a-2及TMK-b与已报道的小麦蓝矮(WBD)、洋葱黄化(OY-W)植原体的TMK-a、TMK-b的氨基酸序列进行了比对和相似性分析,结果显示Pa WBPS TMK-b与WBD TMK-2和OY-W TMK-b之间的相似性分别为95.65%和99.03%;Pa WBPS TMK-a-1与Pa WBPS TMK-a-2的相似性为90.57%,且二者与WBD TMK-1和OY-W TMK-a之间的相似性为87.32%-94.26%;而Pa WBPS、WBD、OY-W三种植原体的TMK-a与TMK-b之间的相似性仅为22.22%-25.95%。构建了Pa WBPS TMK-b、TMK-a-1、TMK-a-2的p ET28a原核表达载体,对Pa WBPS TMK-b、TMK-a-1、TMK-a-2 3种蛋白进行了原核表达,经Ni-NTA柱纯化后,利用双酶法进行了胸苷酸激酶催化活性测定,结果表明,Pa WBPS TMK-b具有较高的胸苷酸激酶活性,为85.96±0.74 U·mg-1,而Pa WBPS TMK-a-1和TMK-a-2几乎没有胸苷酸激酶活性。本文为进一步研究胸苷酸激酶在植原体繁殖过程中的作用机理奠定了基础。     

热处理结合茎尖培养去除甘薯丛枝病植原体

以甘薯丛枝病试管苗病株为材料，用热处理结合茎尖培养法对甘薯丛枝病病株进行了去除植原体 的研究。结果表明，０． ５ ｍｍ以下茎尖培养可以去除植原体，茎尖越小，去除植原体的效果越好，但成苗率降低； ０．８ ｍｍ以上茎尖培养不能去除植原体，但是成苗率较高。（３９±１）℃高温连续处理２～３周后，剥取茎尖培养可以 提高去除植原体的效率，对成苗率影响不大，热处理时间越长，去除植原体效果越好，但被处理的试管苗易死亡。甘 薯丛枝病试管苗在（３９±１）℃高温下，以处理３周为宜。     

New natural host plants of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’ in Poland and the Czech Republic

The presence of phytoplasmas in seven coniferous plant species (Abies procera, Pinus banksiana, P. mugo, P. nigra, P. sylvestris, P. tabuliformis and Tsuga canadensis) was demonstrated using nested PCR with the primer pairs P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2. The phytoplasmas were detected in pine trees with witches’ broom symptoms growing in natural forest ecosystems and also in plants propagated from witches’ brooms. Identification of phytoplasmas was done using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) of the 16S rDNA gene fragment with AluI, MseI and RsaI endonucleases. All samples showed RFLP patterns similar to the theoretical pattern of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’, based on the sequence of the reference isolate Pin127S. Nested PCR‐amplified products, obtained with primers R16F2n/R16R2, were sequenced. Comparison of the 16S rDNAs obtained revealed high (99·8–100%) nucleotide sequence identity between the phytoplasma isolates. The isolates were also closely related to four other phytoplasma isolates found in pine trees previously. Based on the results of RFLP and sequence analyses, the phytoplasma isolates tested were classified as members of the ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’, group 16SrXXI.     

组培法保存花椰菜丛枝植原体的初步研究

对采自云南省元谋县的花椰菜丛枝病植原体感病植株进行组织培养。将带菌组培苗分别置于冰箱(4~8 ℃)低温保藏和光照培养箱中常温保藏,经定期观察和继代培养,结果表明:以感病植株的茎段作为组培材料,经丛生芽诱导培养可得到长势较好的花椰菜潜带植原体组培苗;同时,采用低温保藏可延长继代培养的间隔时间(每2~3月进行1次),期间每月在培养箱中补光3~7 d,在12个月后经PCR检测表明组培苗中仍含有植原体,达到植原体株系长期保存的目的。     

云南花生丛枝植原体secY基因序列分析及结构预测

目的 确定采自元谋地区自然表现丛枝病的小驳骨(Gendarussa vulgaris Nees)植株是否感染植原体。 方法 通过利用植原体16S组和亚组通用或半通用特异性引物分别对植原体16S rRNA、rp和secY基因序列进行PCR扩增、克隆及测序分析;此外还对secY蛋白的蛋白特性及其结构进行了分析和预测。 结果 本研究获得了基因片段长度分别为1 248 bp的16S rRNA基因(nested PCR)、1 171 bp 的rp基因和1 425 bp的secY基因。基于rp和secY基因核苷酸序列的同源性比对及构建的进化树推断的植原体遗传分化关系几乎与16S rRNA基因的推断相一致,均与植原体16S rII-A亚组各株系的遗传进化关系最为接近,但rp和secY基因序列比16S rRNA基因序列能够呈现出更大的遗传变异程度;此外,对secY蛋白进行了生物信息学分析和初步探讨,发现它具有10个明显且分布相对均匀的跨膜螺旋区域,无信号肽。 结论 小驳骨丛枝病(Gendarussa vulgaris witches’-broom phytoplasma,GvWB-YNym)是由植原体侵染而发生,该植原体株系被划分到16S rII-A亚组,相关的候选种为Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia;secY蛋白生物信息参数的分析表明：secY蛋白在感病小驳骨植株中以疏水性稳定跨膜蛋白的形式存在,含10个明显的疏水跨膜区域,该蛋白不存在信号肽。     

樱桃花变绿病植原体的分子鉴定

 植原体(phytoplasma)是一类没有细胞壁,不能人工培养,存在于植物筛管细胞中的类似植物病原细菌的原核生物。迄今为止,世界各地报道的1 000余种植物病害与植原体有关,引起的症状主要包括丛枝、黄化、花变绿、花变叶、花器退化等。     

High diversity,expanding populations and purifying selection in phytoplasmas causing coconut lethal yellowing in Mozambique

In this study, the putative phytoplasma species causing coconut lethal yellowing disease in Mozambique and Tanzania were characterized. The 16S rRNA and secA genes were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Mozambican coconut phytoplasmas belong to three different types: ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma palmicola’ 16SrXXII‐A, a second strain that was previously isolated in Tanzania and Kenya (16SrIV‐C), and a third strain that was different from all known lethal yellowing phytoplasma species. The third strain potentially represents a novel species and is closely related to pine phytoplasma. Co‐infection with ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pini’‐related and ‘Ca. Phytoplasma palmicola’ 16SrXXII‐A strains was observed. Furthermore, sequence variation in ‘Ca. Phytoplasma palmicola’ at the population level was consistent with purifying selection and population expansion.     

不同引物对植原体的检测灵敏度比较研究

用常规PCR和巢式PCR对目前常用的各种植原体引物(fPl/rP7、fU5/rP7、fU5／rU3、fAY/rEY和fFD9/rFD9)的检测灵敏度进行了比较研究。研究发现，它们的检测灵敏度并不相同。最灵敏的引物(fAY/rEY)要比最不灵敏的引物(fFD9/rFD9)的灵敏度至少高出数千倍。因此，按照不同的检测目的选择所用的检测引物是明智的，特别是当待测样品中的植原体浓度极低时，比如葡萄组织样品中植原体的检测。据此提出了用于不同检测目的时的最佳引物。     

Detection, identification and significance of phytoplasmas in grasses in northern Australia

Sugarcane yields have been severely reduced by white leaf and grassy shoot phytoplasma diseases in many parts of Asia. Australian sugarcane crops are not known to be affected by these diseases, but plant pathogenic phytoplasmas found in other introduced and native grasses in northern Australia could pose a serious threat to the Australian sugarcane industry. To further evaluate this threat, leaves from plants of 20 grass species, with and without symptoms, were collected during field surveys in northern Australia and tested to determine whether phytoplasmas were present and whether symptoms were reliable indicators of phytoplasma presence. Molecular tools were used to detect and characterize phytoplasmas. Four different phytoplasmas were found in seven grass species known to grow near healthy sugarcane crops. All the phytoplasmas were closely related to sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma (SCWL), one of the phytoplasmas that causes disease in sugarcane in Asia. Four of the host plant species and two of the phytoplasmas were new records. The relationship between symptoms and phytoplasma presence was poor. Because some plants with symptoms tested negative for phytoplasmas, a series of surveys was carried out in which flowers, leaves, roots and stems of two known host plant species, Whiteochloa cymbiformis and Sorghum stipoideum, were tested separately on nine occasions during two wet seasons. This was done to investigate the distribution of phytoplasmas within plants over time. Results showed that spatial and temporal variation of phytoplasmas occurred in these two host plant species. Hence, evaluation of disease distribution within a region requires repeated testing of all plant parts from plants without symptoms, as well as those with symptoms. To date, there is no report of a vector capable of transmitting to Australian sugarcane the phytoplasmas found in grasses in this study. If one is present, or occurs in the future, then native and introduced grasses could constitute a large reservoir of phytoplasma for vectors to draw on. This work provides an early warning for the sugarcane industry that the potential for infection exists.     

Hydrogen peroxide localization and antioxidant status in the recovery of apricot plants from European Stone Fruit Yellows

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) localization and roles of peroxidases, malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione were compared in leaves of apricot (Prunus armeniaca) plants asymptomatic, European Stone Fruits Yellows (ESFY)-symptomatic and recovered. Nested PCR analysis revealed that Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum, is present in asymptomatic, symptomatic and recovered apricot trees, confirming previous observations on this species, in which recovery does not seem to be related to the disappearance of phytoplasma from the plant.H₂O₂was detected cytochemically by its reaction with cerium chloride, which produces electron-dense deposits of cerium perhydroxides. H₂O₂was present in the plasmalemma of the phloem cells of recovered apricot plant leaves, but not in the asymptomatic or symptomatic material. Furthermore, by labelling apricot leaf tissues with diaminobenzidine DAB, no differences were found in the localization of peroxidases.Protein content in asymptomatic, symptomatic and recovered leaves was not significantly different from one another. In contrast, guaiacol peroxidase activity had the following trend: symptomatic > recovered > asymptomatic, whereas reduced glutathione content followed the opposite trend: asymptomatic > recovered > symptomatic. Moreover, no differences were observed in malondialdehyde concentrations between asymptomatic, symptomatic and recovered leaves. The overall results suggest that H₂O₂ and related metabolites and enzymes appear to be involved in lessening both pathogen virulence and disease symptom expression in ESFY-infected apricot plants.