Role of wild Prunus species in the epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows

Several uncultivated trees of the species Prunus spinosa , P. cerasifera and P. domestica , sampled both adjacent to European stone fruit yellows (ESFY)-infected orchards and in isolation from cultivated stone fruit plants, were found to be infected by ESFY phytoplasma. These species were also colonized by Cacopsylla pruni , vector of the ESFY agent. In contrast, uncultivated species of Prunus avium , P. cerasus and P. mahaleb hosted neither the pathogen nor the vector. Insect- and graft-transmission trials of ESFY phytoplasma conducted under controlled conditions confirmed the data obtained in the field. The role played by the wild Prunus species is discussed and appears to be fundamental in the epidemic cycle of the disease.     

Detection by PCR of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the bacterium causing citrus huanglongbing in vector psyllids: application to the study of vector–pathogen relationships

Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), previously called greening, is a serious citrus disease in Asia, eastern and southern Africa. It is caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), a phloem-limited, nonculturable bacterium transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid ( Diaphorina citri ) in Asia. A PCR-based assay was developed for monitoring Las in vector psyllids using a rapid DNA extraction from psyllid bodies and PCR amplification. The entire procedure for Las detection in psyllids can be completed within 5 h. Using this method, Las can be accurately detected in psyllid adults as well as nymphs in different instar stages. The assay is sensitive enough for Las detection in single-psyllid extract from adult, fifth, fourth and third instars. In a transovarial transmission experiment, Las was not detected in eggs or in offspring produced by Las-carrying psyllid females. In a retention test, the Las-carrying psyllids remained Las-positive for 12 weeks after they were moved to common jasmine orange, a Las-immune plant. From these experimental results it was concluded that Las persists in the Asian citrus psyllid vector, but is not transovarially transmitted by the vector. These data help in understanding epidemiological characteristics of Las and psyllids in citrus HLB.     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on aster yellows phytoplasma-infected tobacco plants

The objective of the research was to asses if arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) can modify the effect of two aster yellows phytoplasma strains infection in tobacco plants. Tobacco plants experimentally inoculated with aster yellows phytoplasma strains did not develop visible disease symptoms. However, PCR examination indicated that the inoculated plants were phytoplasma infected. Mycorrhiza inoculation had a positive effect on the shoot height of healthy plants, but did not influence shoot growth and weight of phytoplasma-infected plants. The roots of all mycorrhiza-inoculated plants were slightly reduced but significant differences were found in the total root length of plants infected with the phytoplasma strain AY1. AM inoculation had a positive effect on photosynthetic activity of tobacco plants infected with the phytoplasma strain AYSim, but net photosynthesis of tobacco infected with the phytoplasma strain AY1 was decreased. Transpiration rate and calcium content of AM and phytoplasma-infected plants were not affected. The mechanisms underlying these interactions are discussed and a direct action of the AM fungus is hypothesized.     

根癌农杆菌对感染植原体的泡桐组培苗症状的影响

采用含有激素合成相关基因的根癌农杆菌，伤口接种已感染植原体的泡桐丛植组培苗和健康组培苗，结果发现对丛植苗的致瘤能力明显低于健康对照苗，且被接种病苗的丛枝症状缓解，从健苗获得的T-DNA转化泡桐瘤组织细胞能在无激素培养基上稳定生长和连续继代培养2年以上，说明瘤组织细胞自身已获得了细胞分裂素和生长素合成能力，根据已报道的根癌农杆菌株系pTil5955T-DNA的异戊烯基转移酶基因（ipt)的保守序列，设计了一对引物（CYT和CYT′），用多聚酶链式反应（PCR）扩增了我国杨树致瘤农杆菌ipt基因部分序列（427bp片段），也从遗传转化的两个泡桐无性系瘤组织At-ZH和At-T35扩增出此特异片估，从而进一步肯定了T-DNA已被整合到泡桐的染色体上表明泡桐易于通过Ti质粒载体途径进行基因转移操作，但用此引物未能从泡桐、甘薯健株和感染植原体的组培病苗扩增出相应的427bp特异片段，当用此遗传转化瘤组织嫁接病苗时，可减轻从枝症状的严重度，延长病苗的存活时间和诱导病株生根，这进一步证实了泡桐在与植原体相互作用过程中激素代谢发生了变化。     

Identification of a phytoplasma associated with Syringa reticulata witches' broom disease in China

During the summer of 2018, one Syringa reticulata plant showing witches' broom and small leaves was observed in Beijing, China. Molecular diagnostic tools and electron microscopic cell observation were used to detect the possible pathogen of this disease. As a result, the phytoplasma in the symptomatic S. reticulata tree was confirmed by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene using the phytoplasma‐specific universal primer pair R16mF2/R16mR1 and observation with transmission electron microscopy. The rp and tuf genes of the phytoplasma were also cloned and sequenced as the 16S rRNA gene. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA, rp and tuf genes indicated that the phytoplasma associated with S. reticulata witches' broom (SrWB) disease belonged to the 16SrV‐B subgroup, and it was closely related to the 16SrV‐B subgroup phytoplasma strain jujube witches' broom, which causes serious disease of jujube fruit trees in China. This study shows the S. reticulata tree as a new host of a phytoplasma belonging to the 16SrV‐B subgroup in China.     

几个枣树品种和婆枣单株对枣疯病抗性的鉴定

通过嫁接病皮和病枝传病的方法,在河北唐县试验地内对壶瓶枣、蛤蟆枣、婆枣、马牙枣、砘子枣、长红枣6个枣树品种和1个酸枣品种,以及从婆枣中选择的4 6个抗性单株的抗病性进行试验研究。经过1 996年以来的多次传病测定结果表明:壶瓶枣和蛤蟆枣无一发病,表现出强的抗病性;长红枣、马牙枣、酸枣、婆枣和砘子枣表现为感病,发病率分别为6 6 6 %、78 6 %、80 0 %、1 0 0 %、1 0 0 %。筛选的4 6个婆枣单株的平均发病率为81 1 %,单株间抗病表现差异明显,有4个单株经过6年6次传病而一直没有发病,说明其对枣疯病有很强的抗性,用DAPI荧光显微镜观察,尤其是PCR技术检测,基本上能在嫁接接种后未发病的抗病单株上检测到植原体的存在,说明其体内已携带了低浓度的植原体,暗示抗病材料对植原体繁殖可能有抑制作用。对酚类物质在2个层析系统进行的薄层层析分析中发现某些抗病材料与感病材料存在不同特异性的荧光斑。在对枝条组织切片自发荧光观察中,在抗病的2个婆枣材料和1个壶瓶枣材料的韧皮部至表皮区域的薄壁细胞内中发现了较多的金黄色亮斑点。     

灰叶丛枝病病原的分子鉴定及系统发育分析

实验应用PCR扩增、iPhyClassifer分析、序列同源性及系统发育分析等方法对海南省灰叶丛枝病病害进行了分子检测及其病原的鉴定、系统进化研究.iPhyClassifer结果显示:灰叶丛枝病植原体为花生丛枝组(16SrⅡ组)16SrⅡ-A成员.序列同源性分析结果表明:灰叶丛枝病植原体与16SrⅡ、16SrⅡ-A成员...     

猪屎豆丛枝病植原体的分子检测与鉴定

植原体(phytoplasma),原称类菌原体(MLO),在植物和昆虫中广泛分布,为无细胞壁原核微生物,尚不能在人工培养基上离体培养.迄今,世界各地已统计有1000多种植物自然感染植原体病害(Seemüller et al.,1998),我国也报道了100多种植物植原体病害(赖帆等,2008).     

赞皇大枣枣疯病植原体分子分类

 【目的】枣疯病是一种重要的植原体病害,本试验旨在明确惟一已知的天然三倍体品种--赞皇大枣枣疯病植原体的分类地位,为赞皇大枣枣疯病植原体分类研究提供参考。【方法】利用植原体16S rDNA通用引物对赞皇大枣枣疯病病株的DNA进行PCR扩增和克隆测序,通过BLAST比对进行序列分析,利用临位相连法构建16S rDNA系统演化树,并应用DNAstar软件进行虚拟RFLP分析。【结果】获得的赞皇大枣枣疯病植原体16S rDNA序列长度为1 850 bp（GenBank登录号GU184180）,包括1 529 bp的16S rDNA基因全序列、264 bp的邻近间隔区序列及57 bp的23S rDNA部分基因序列。同源分析表明,赞皇大枣枣疯病病原16S rDNA序列与其它植原体的相似性在87%—98%,其中与榆树黄化 Elm yellows（EY）(GenBank登录号l33763)最高相似性为98%;与大多数二倍体枣品种的植原体序列相似率达99%以上;其虚拟RFLP图谱与4个16SrⅤ亚组的代表序列图谱差异显著,赞皇大枣枣疯病植原体延伸因子tuf基因的序列(GenBank登录号JN001985) 比对结果表明,与其它亚组序列同源性为52.3%—76.7%。【结论】三倍体赞皇大枣枣疯病病原属于榆树黄化组(16Sr V),并与其中的B亚组亲缘关系最近;与二倍体品种的病原分类地位一致,说明枣疯病植原体在系统进化上比较保守。