甲基磺酸甲酯处理毛泡桐丛枝病幼苗的形态变化及SSR分析

 在真核生物中,DNA甲基化可导致基因特异表达、细胞分化和染色体失活等［1,2］,可在不改变DNA碱基排列顺序的同时,阻断遗传信息的传递,从而引起形态等性状的变化［2］。泡桐(Paulownia spp.)是我国重要的速生用材和绿化树种之一,对改善我国生态环境和提高农民收入具有重要的意义,但丛枝病发生给我国泡桐生产造成了巨大的经济损失,也严重影响了人们种植泡桐的积极性。自从发现泡桐丛枝病病原为植原体以来,人们对其病原和丛枝病发生的生理生化变化进行了大量的研究［3,4］,但对寄主 染病泡桐本身分子生物学研究较少。近年来,虽然科技工作者对丛枝病泡桐蛋白质组和DNA甲基化水平开展了一些研究工作［4］,但至今国内外未见有关DNA甲基剂对泡桐丛枝病发生影响的文献报道。因此,本文以毛泡桐丛枝病组培苗为材料,利用巢式PCR和SSR技术,研究了DNA甲基剂 甲基磺酸甲酯（MMS）对毛泡桐丛枝病发生和DNA碱基序列的影响。     

棣棠丛枝病相关植原体的分子鉴定

 植原体（Candidatus Phytoplasma）是一种没有细胞壁的原核微生物,主要由取食韧皮部的昆虫（叶蝉、飞虱等）传播, 也可由菟丝子寄生和嫁接等途径传播,常常引起植株黄化、丛枝、花器变态、萎缩等症状。迄今为止,世界上报道的植物植原体病害有1 000余种,仅我国就有100多种,造成巨大损失。     

山东桑萎缩植原体secY基因序列分析

对采自山东宁阳的表现萎缩症状的桑树植株总DNA进行secY基因PCR扩增,得到约1.4 kb的特异片段,将该片段克隆后进行序列测定,结果表明,该片段长1 361 bp,包含secY基因1 242 bp,编码414个氨基酸。通过构建系统进化树、同源性比对及利用9种限制性内切酶进行模拟RFLP分析,初步确定该分离物属于secYⅠ-B亚组,在亚组水平上进一步明确了桑萎缩植原体的分类地位。     

山东省枣疯病植原体的鉴定及分子变异分析

 本研究对山东省11个地区的枣疯病样品进行了鉴定和分子变异分析。以样品总DNA为模板,经扩增和序列测定,分别得到16S rRNA (1 432 bp)、核糖体蛋白基因rp (1 196 bp)、转运蛋白基因secA (836 bp) 和secY (1 421 bp) 的序列,secA基因序列是首次从枣疯病植原体中扩增获得。对获得的序列与NCBI数据库中相关植原体序列进行聚类和核苷酸变异分析,结果显示山东省枣疯病植原体属于16SrⅤ-B、rpⅤ-C、secYⅤ-C亚组,相对于16S rRNA基因,rp,secA和secY变异更大,非同义突变更多,更利于对国内不同来源的枣疯病植原体的精细系统进化分析。     

Spatial and temporal stolbur population structure in a cv. Chardonnay vineyard according to vmp1 gene characterization

Bois noir is a grapevine disease caused by the stolbur phytoplasma. It is widespread in all European and Mediterranean viticultural areas, and it can induce severe damage to the quality and quantity of production. The recent disease recrudescence has encouraged studies on the use of molecular markers to assess the genetic diversity of stolbur strains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Bois noir symptoms and to monitor the spatial genetic structure of the stolbur population according to vmp1 genotypes, through 2011 and 2012 in a cv. Chardonnay vineyard. In both years, there were increased vines with symptoms from July to September. The analysis of dispersal indices showed that the spatial distribution was uniform in the vineyard. However, the two‐dimensional contour maps show that Bois noir severity was higher in plants located on the borders than in the central parts of the vineyard. Stolbur population was composed of two prevalent vmp genotypes (V14, V12) across both years, along with other minor haplotypes (V3, V4, V9, V11, V15, V18, in 2011; V3, V18 in 2012). The data indicate that the vmp1 gene is an efficient marker to study the population structure of stolbur phytoplasma, to track the movement of the pathogen, and to identify the inoculum source, which will all serve in the planning of control strategies.     

Emerging pests and diseases of South‐east Asian cassava: a comprehensive evaluation of geographic priorities,management options and research needs

Cassava is a major staple, bio‐energy and industrial crop in many parts of the developing world. In Southeast Asia, cassava is grown on >4 million ha by nearly 8 million (small‐scale) farming households, under (climatic, biophysical) conditions that often prove unsuitable for many other crops. While SE Asian cassava has been virtually free of phytosanitary constraints for most of its history, a complex of invasive arthropod pests and plant diseases has recently come to affect local crops. We describe results from a region‐wide monitoring effort in the 2014 dry season, covering 429 fields across five countries. We present geographic distribution and field‐level incidence of the most prominent pest and disease invaders, introduce readily‐available management options and research needs. Monitoring work reveals that several exotic mealybug and (red) mite species have effectively colonised SE Asia's main cassava‐growing areas, occurring in respectively 70% and 54% of fields, at average field‐level incidence of 27 ± 2% and 16 ± 2%. Cassava witches broom (CWB), a systemic phytoplasma disease, was reported from 64% of plots, at incidence levels of 32 ± 2%. Although all main pests and diseases are non‐natives, we hypothesise that accelerating intensification of cropping systems, increased climate change and variability, and deficient crop husbandry are aggravating both organism activity and crop susceptibility. Future efforts need to consolidate local capacity to tackle current (and future) pest invaders, boost detection capacity, devise locally‐appropriate integrated pest management (IPM) tactics, and transfer key concepts and technologies to SE Asia's cassava growers. Urgent action is needed to mobilise regional as well as international scientific support, to effectively tackle this phytosanitary emergency and thus safeguard the sustainability and profitability of one of Asia's key agricultural commodities. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

桑树黄化型萎缩病植原体溶血素基因MDPH的克隆及生物信息学分析和原核表达

溶血素为细菌分泌的能够使细胞溶解的毒素,是病原菌重要的毒力因子。利用同源克隆技术得到桑树黄化型萎缩病植原体溶血素全长基因,命名为MDPH(GenBank登录号:HQ891118)。MDPH全长717 bp,编码238个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子质量为27.3 kD,等电点为9.29,氨基酸序列与其它植原体中已分离的溶血素有很高的同源性。蛋白质序列结构预测表明:MDPH的二级结构中富含α-螺旋,其次为β-折叠和无规卷曲,而β-转角仅占5.46%。对蛋白质序列的理化特征预测表明:MDPH有多个亲水和疏水区域,且疏水性强于亲水性;易形成跨膜螺旋,具有7个显著跨膜结构区;蛋白的抗原性较强,不含有明显的信号肽序列,为非经典分泌蛋白。将MDPH的编码区插入原核表达载体pET30a(+),并转化到E.coli BL21中,经过IPTG诱导,MDPH在BL21菌株中成功表达。研究结果为深入探讨MDPH的功能及植原体的致病机制奠定了基础。     

Expression of phytoplasma‐induced witches’ broom disease symptoms in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) trees is affected by climatic conditions

Witches’ broom disease (WBD), caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’, is a serious disease of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) in Oman and the UAE. However, little is known about the distribution of phytoplasma and the expression of WBD symptoms in different geographical locations. A survey was carried out in 18 districts in Oman and the UAE covering 143 orchards and 5823 acid lime trees. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ was detected in acid lime in all the 18 surveyed districts. However, the development of typical symptoms of WBD was only observed in 12 districts. Districts in which the phytoplasma was present but symptoms were not expressed were located either in desert areas or in areas characterized by semitropical conditions. Phylogenetic analysis of 16 phytoplasma isolates from trees developing WBD symptoms and six phytoplasma isolates from trees with no WBD symptoms showed that all isolates share an identical 16S rRNA sequence, belonging to subgroup II‐B. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that the concentration of phytoplasma is significantly higher (8800–801 000 copies) in leaves developing WBD symptoms compared to 2–268 copies in symptomless leaves from the same trees and 8–874 copies in acid lime trees from areas where disease symptoms were not expressed. The lack of expression of WBD symptoms under certain environmental conditions may suggest that symptom development and phytoplasma are affected by certain unfavourable environmental conditions. These findings could provide a basis for managing WBD through encouraging lime cultivation under climatic conditions less conducive to WBD symptom expression.     

植原体TaqMan探针实时荧光PCR检测鉴定方法的建立

 本研究成功建立了植原体分类鉴定和检测的TaqMan探针实时荧光PCR方法,该方法根据植原体16S rDNA保守区设计了1个TaqMan广谱探针和3个植原体组间点突变特异性探针,并对9种植原体和5种细菌以及3个植物样本进行实时荧光PCR。结果表明,用广谱探针可检测到所有植原体产生荧光信号,而细菌不产生荧光信号。当用植原体组间特异性探针检测时,仅能检测到该组植原体产生荧光信号,检测的敏感性比常规的PCR-电泳检测高约100倍、检测速度有较大提高。由于PCR产物是荧光探针检测,本方法特异性强,并可以用组特异探针直接确定植原体种类。实验采用完全闭管检测,降低了污染机会。本研究为其它原核生物、特别是不能培养菌、难培养菌的检测鉴定和分类提供了新方法。     

Production of Monoclonal Antibodies against Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma and their Use in Serological Detection

Two monoclonal antibodies were obtained against the apple proliferation phytoplasma that provide easy, rapid, specific and sensitive serological detection. They reacted specifically by using ELISA and immunofluorescence techniques with apple proliferation-infected periwinkles and apple trees from different regions in northern Italy and Slovenia, but not with several other phytoplasma isolates. We did not observe any monoclonal antibody reaction even using phytoplasmas belonging to the same phylogenetic group such as European stone fruit yellows and pear decline. Two serological techniques, immunofluorescence and ELISA, were compared with DAPI staining and PCR. From July until leaf fall ELISA was as sensitive as PCR but was more rapid and convenient than PCR; immunofluorescence was useful for specific detection of apple proliferation phytoplasma on roots throughout the year. Serological techniques could be conveniently applied in the roots, stems and leaves of apple trees depending on specific phenological stages of the plants.