水稻若干生理指标与品种抗旱性关系的研究

运用灰色关联分析等方法对水稻品种的若干个抗旱性指标进行综合分析,根据关联度的大小对品种的抗旱性进行排序,初步认为品种扬稻6号的抗旱性最强,汕优63次之,而品种西光和安选5号的抗旱性较弱。     

杂交小麦复合型种衣剂的生理效应研究

研究了复合型种衣剂包衣处理对杂交小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的生理效应。结果表明：杂交小麦复合型种衣剂能提高杂交小麦的实验室发芽率和田间出苗率,增强种子的α-淀粉酶活性,增加幼苗的干物质重量,提高叶绿素α、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量,提高幼苗的根系活力、可溶性蛋白质含量和可溶性糖含量,苗足苗壮,分蘖数增加,对杂交小麦的种子萌发和幼苗的生长有明显的促进作用。     

双效种衣剂对水稻旱育秧苗的影响

本试验用不同剂量的双效种衣剂包衣，研究其对水稻秧苗的影响。结果表明，不同剂量种衣剂对水稻芽势、芽率无影响；种衣剂１∶４０，１５∶４０处理对水稻秧苗素质及生理效应的影响效果较好，对水稻立枯病防治效果较好。     

烯效唑浸种对高梁幼苗生理指标的影响

试验研究了烯效唑浸种对高粱幼苗某些生理指标的影响.结果表明用1～2mg/L烯效唑浸种后,高粱幼苗叶片比叶重、叶绿素含量、光合速率、可溶性糖含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均提高,丙二醛(MDA)含量和外渗电导率降低.说明烯效唑有助于培育壮苗,并增强高粱幼苗的抗逆性.5mg/L烯效唑浸种的效果明显.     

Novel soil quality indicators for the evaluation of agricultural management practices: a biological perspective

Developments in soil biology and in methods to characterize soil organic carbon can potentially deliver novel soil quality indicators that can help identify management practices able to sustain soil productivity and environmental resilience. This work aimed at synthesizing results regarding the suitability of a range of soil biological and biochemical properties as novel soil quality indicators for agricultural management. The soil properties, selected through a published literature review, comprised different labile organic carbon fractions [hydrophilic dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), hot water extractable carbon and particulate organic matter carbon], soil disease suppressiveness measured using a Pythium-Lepidium bioassay, nematode communities characterized by amplicon sequencing and qPCR, and microbial community level physiological profiling measured with MicroResp^TM. Prior studies tested the sensitivity of each of the novel indicators to tillage and organic matter addition in ten European long-term field experiments (LTEs) and assessed their relationships with pre-existing soil quality indicators of soil functioning. Here, the results of these previous studies are brought together and interpreted relative to each other and to the broader body of literature on soil quality assessment. Reduced tillage increased carbon availability, disease suppressiveness, nematode richness and diversity, the stability and maturity of the food web, and microbial activity and functional diversity. Organic matter addition played a weaker role in enhancing soil quality, possibly due to the range of composition of the organic matter inputs used in the LTEs. POXC was the indicator that discriminated best between soil management practices, followed by nematode indices based on functional characteristics. Structural equation modeling shows that POXC has a central role in nutrient retention/supply, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, erosion control and disease regulation/suppression. The novel indicators proposed here have great potential to improve existing soil quality assessment schemes. Their feasibility of application is discussed and needs for future research are outlined.     

鄂西南地区2012-2014年稻瘟病菌致病性变化分析

为研究鄂西南地区稻瘟病病菌的致病型,将2012-2014年采自鄂西南地区感病水稻并分离保存的136个菌株分别接种到7个中国鉴别品种和15个水稻抗稻瘟病单基因系品种上,以中国鉴别品种中的丽江新团黑谷为感病对照,基于7个中国鉴别品种的鉴定结果表明:136个菌株中有121个具有致病性,分属于ZA、ZB、ZC、ZE、ZF、ZG共6群11个生理小种,ZB为优势种群,但ZC频率逐年升高,到2014年与ZB势均力敌;ZB13为第一优势生理小种,ZC15和ZB15所占比例逐年升高.15个水稻抗稻瘟病菌单基因系的鉴定结果将121个菌株分为77个致病型,且不同年份分离的菌株致病力差异较大.90%以上菌株对含有Pib、Pit和Pi11抗病基因的水稻单基因系有致病力,而对含有Pi9和Pikh抗病基因的水稻单基因系的致病力较弱,不到10%.此结果可以为育种工作者及当地农业部门的品种布局提供参考.     

不同栽插方式对双季稻生理特性和产量的影响

为探明南方双季稻区不同栽插方式对水稻生理特性和产量的影响,根据早稻和晚稻的育苗移栽方式设置双季稻抛栽、手插和机插3种栽插处理,对3种栽插方式下双季稻的叶片保护性酶活性、光合特性和产量进行研究和分析。结果表明,在早、晚稻各主要生育时期,抛栽和手插处理均有利于提高水稻叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性,降低叶片丙二醛和脯氨酸含量。各处理水稻叶片SPAD值和净光合速率大小均表现为抛栽＞手插＞机插,叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率大小表现为分别手插＞抛栽＞机插和机插＞手插＞抛栽。各处理间水稻千粒重均无显著性差异;早稻和晚稻产量均以抛栽处理最高,分别较机插处理增加1 506.7和1 444.5 kg·hm^-2。因此,抛栽处理有利于提高双季稻植株叶片保护性酶活性和光合特性,改善产量构成因素,从而获得较高的水稻产量。     

多孢木霉HZ-31菌株侵染对野燕麦生理机制的影响

选用青海农田常见杂草野燕麦作为靶标杂草,盆栽接种后测定了多孢木霉HZ-31菌株对野燕麦体内各种生理指标的影响,分析了寄主与病原菌相互作用的生理变化机制.结果表明,多孢木霉HZ-31菌株侵染野燕麦后,对植株生理机制防御酶的影响是多方面的,PAL和POD活性增加,以抵御菌株侵染,其余生理防御指标包括MDA含量、CAT、PP...     

5份香蕉种质对枯萎病的抗性评价

【目的】评价5份香蕉种质对不同枯萎病菌生理小种的抗性,为香蕉枯萎病抗性种质材料快速筛选和优良品种的推广提供科学依据。【方法】采用苗期和田间抗性评价方法,分别测试两份粉蕉品种（粉杂1号和海南KKF）对枯萎病1号生理小种、3份香焦品种（海南KK1、海南KK2和新北蕉）对枯萎病4号生理小种的抗性。【结果】两份粉蕉品种对枯萎病1号生理小种均表现为高抗,抗性较广西当家品种金粉1号（中抗）好;3份香蕉品种中,海南KK2对枯萎病4号生理小种表现为高抗、海南KK1和新北蕉表现为抗,3份香蕉品种对枯萎病4号生理小种的抗性均优于广西当家品种威廉斯B6（感）。【结论】测试的5份香蕉种质对枯萎病均有良好的抗性,均具有推广价值。     

氮肥运筹对小麦旗叶光合生理性状调控的研究

研究了大田条件下氮肥运筹对郑麦9023旗叶生理及光合作用的影响。结果表明,等氮量不同追氮时期条件下,以孕穗期追施氮肥(60%)处理的叶绿素和氮含量最高,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性最强,并且该处理旗叶的净光合速率(Pn)较拔节期、返青期追施氮肥及氮肥全部底施处理分别提高了5.8%、17.2%和38.5%。由此可知,小麦生产上少施基肥,中后期适当重施追肥,不仅有助于旗叶叶绿素和氮含量的同步增加及硝酸还原酶(NR)活性的改善,而且有利于叶片净光合速率的提高,防止叶片早衰。