人工降雨对稻田中氮磷动态变化的影响研究

在水稻黄熟期,通过对微区模拟稻田进行人工降雨试验,分析了60,48,17.4 mm/h 3个雨强处理(分别表示为y-b、y-m、y-s)条件下,不同滞水时间的田面水中氮磷的动态特征以及总氮、总磷的流失潜能,研究了不同雨强和滞水时间对稻田氮磷的减排效能。结果表明:(1)在3个雨强处理下,田面水中TN浓度在人工降雨后1 h为最高,y-s的田面水中TN浓度下降迅速;y-m和y-b的田面水积聚量较大,但在第5 d时其TN浓度也迅速下降到最低值。田面水中NH+4-N浓度整体水平较低,NO-3-N浓度总体水平较高,但随时间推移呈逐渐下降的趋势。(2)3个雨强处理的田面水中TP和DP浓度总体上表现为y-b>y-m>y-s,呈升-峰值-降的趋势。(3)降雨处理后若延迟排水时间至第5 d,模拟稻田的相对减排效能最大,可减少排放田面水中TN80.44%~94.14%。如延迟稻田排水时间到第3~5 d,y-b和y-m的田面水中TP的减排效能显著,可减少排放田面水中TP 9.95%~100.00%。     

Phosphorus Requirements of Rice Grown in Soils With Different Sodicity

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus (P) fertilization is reported to alleviate the adverse effects of sodicity on survival of the seedlings, growth, and yield of rice. However, it is not known if required levels of Olsen's P to alleviate the adverse sodicity effects varies with increased sodicity stress. The present study, conducted at various pH values (8.0, 9.3, 9.7, and 9.9) with varying levels of P fertilization (P0.0, P0.2, P0.4, P0.6, and P0.8 kg hm^{? 2}), showed that P requirements of rice increased with increases in sodicity stress. At a pH of 8.0, 4.3 mg kg^{? 1} Olsen's P was sufficient for survival of the seedlings, but not for grain weight (6.3 mg kg^{? 1}). Seedlings required 7.0 and 9.5 mg kg^{? 1}Olsen's P to survive at pH 9.7 and 9.9, respectively. Similarly, high P levels were needed for more total and fertile tillers and spikelets numbers. One thousand (1000) grain weight and grain yield responded to 6.3, 7.7, 8.8, and 10.4 mg kg^{? 1} Olsen's P at pH values of 8.0, 9.3, 9.7, and 9.9, respectively. Total chlorophyll in the leaves was significant in P fertilized plants. At a pH of 9.7, plants with 7.9 mg kg^{? 1} Olsen's P had 52% more chlorophyll per 100 ppm sodium (Na) in the leaves compared to those at 6.3 mg kg^{? 1} Olsen's P. This could possibly be due to improved tissue tolerance to Na in P-fertilized plants. Plants fertilized with P had higher P and potassium (K) concentrations in their shoots. Olsen's P levels of 7.7 mg kg^{? 1}, 7.9 mg kg^{? 1}, and 9.5 mg kg^{? 1} were effective in restricting increases of Na (a potentially toxic ion) in shoots at pH 9.3, 9.8, and 9.9, respectively, thus helping plants have better yields.     

Excessive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induces soil acidification and phosphorus enrichment during vegetable production in Yangtze River Delta,China

Intensive vegetable cultivation has developed very rapidly in China, and investigation of current soil nutrient problems in vegetable fields and their potential environmental risk is important for local soil nutrient management strategies. Three hundred and sixty‐six soil samples were collected from greenhouse vegetable fields, open vegetable fields and rice/wheat rotation fields in southern Jiangsu Province, the most intensive vegetable‐producing areas in Yangtze River Delta, China, for the analysis of their soil fertility status. Soil acidification and P enrichment were the main problems identified in this area of vegetable production, with about 20 and 17% of the open and greenhouse vegetable field soils, respectively, being extremely acid with soil pH values below 5.0. In contrast, no soils under rice/wheat rotation fields were as acidic. Percentages of sites with Olsen‐P concentrations < 90 mg/kg were 61, 85 and 0% for soils growing greenhouse vegetable, field vegetable and rice/wheat, respectively. The nitrogen (N) surplus for vegetable fields exceeded 170 kg/ha/crop, and the phosphorus (P) surplus exceeded 40 kg/ha/crop. Thus, current vegetable production leads to potential environmental risks of N and P pollution of nearby aquatic bodies. Insufficient supplementation with potassium fertilizers was found in some vegetable fields. Several ameliorative measures are proposed.     

Movements of free oxides in paddy soil profiles (Part 1)

In this paper, the results of observations of soil profiles and the investigations of movements of free oxides in two soil types of dry paddy fields Which carry barley or wheat in the period of winter crops are set forth. Their parent materials are charty somewhat accompanied with shales and granite, and in Soil A and B a small quantity of volcanic ash is contained. The structure develops Well in all the soils.     

河套灌区不同耕作方式下土壤磷素的流失评价

为了评价灌区农田非点源磷素的流失风险,对内蒙古河套灌区典型作物地块中不同土层深度的土壤对磷素的吸附能力进行了测定,借助SPSS软件对试验结果进行统计分析,评价土壤磷素向水体的流失潜能以及可能的影响因素。结果表明：研究区不同地块的各层土壤均可以用Langmiur和Freundich方程来表征土壤对磷素的吸附特征,且Langmiur方程的拟合性要好于Freundich方程;小麦地块的各层吸附能力都较强,套种地块的吸附能力在试验中表现较差;表层土壤在不同地块的吸附能力差别不大,这可能与当地的复种习惯有关;表层土壤相对于深层土壤的流失潜能较高,即土壤中的磷素随农田退水的流失风险相对较大,但套种地块中磷素随渗漏淋失的潜能比对地表径流流失的潜能大;除Qm和EPC0之外,PSI值可以直接作为评价磷流失潜能的有效指标;磷素在农田地块的流失是河套灌区不可忽视的农业管理问题。该文为河套灌区科学合理施肥和非点源污染的防治提供了科学依据。     

长寿湖水中磷形态的季节性变化特征

为进一步了解湖泊表层水中磷形态的季节变化特征,在2009年7月（丰水期）和11月（平水期）、2010年3月（枯水期）连续监测长寿湖水中不同形态磷的含量,分析磷形态含量与水质参数之间的相关关系。结果表明,各个水期长寿湖水中的总磷（TP）都以溶解态磷（DTP）为主要存在形式,DTP在丰水期与平水期以可溶性正磷酸盐（DP）为主要存在形式,在枯水期以溶解性有机磷（DOP）为主要存在形式。总体来说,长寿湖水中TP和DTP含量呈现枯水期〉丰水期〉平水期;DP含量呈现丰水期〉平水期〉枯水期的季节变化特征。相关关系分析发现,磷形态含量与湖水的溶解氧（DO）和电导的相关性明显,与pH和高锰酸盐指数无明显的相关关系。     

菜田种养复合系统氮/磷平衡分析

通过田间试验,设置菜田种养复合模式（VE）和常规菜田单一种植模式（对照,CK）两个处理,采用投入−产出法,于蔬菜收获后对种植（种养）系统内土壤、水体和产品（包括花菜和水产动物）中氮磷含量进行测定,研究VE模式下土壤（耕作区、底泥、边沟）、蔬菜（花菜）、水产（螃蟹、黄鳝、鱼）和水体内氮、磷平衡和循环特征。结果表明：系统内总氮/总磷（TN/TP）含量均以肥料输入最大,VE模式和CK模式肥料氮、磷输入分别占TN/TP总输入量的89.09%、99.73%和89.20%、99.86%,收获季花菜花球氮、磷输出分别占TN/TP总输出量的37.74%、33.69%和38.26%、34.50%。VE模式中的系统TN/TP输出/输入比分别为67.01%和39.51%,均高于CK模式,VE模式降低了系统氮、磷表观损失35.19kg和24.38kg。当前投入水平下,两种模式的系统TN/TP盈余量均为负,说明均需投入适量肥料以利于作物产出和系统平衡。研究结果有助于为菜田种养复合模式氮、磷循环和平衡管理提供参考。     

Foliar Applied Phosphorous Enhanced Growth,Chlorophyll Contents,Gas Exchange Attributes and PUE in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the foliar applied phosphorous with and without pre-plant dose (50 kg hac.^?1) of phosphorous on growth, chlorophyll contents, gas exchange parameters and phosphorous use efficiency (PUE) of wheat. The experiment was conducted in net house at Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. Two promising wheat cultivar AARI 2011 and FSD 2008 were used as a test crop with 5 foliar phosphorus (P) rates (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 kg ha^?1). The foliar applied P with pre-plant performed better than without pre-plant and control treatments. Foliar treatment of phosphorus at 6 kg ha^?1 P proved to be the best among other foliar treatments followed by 8 kg ha^?1 P. The foliar application of phosphorous at 6 kg hac.^?1 with pre-plant soil applied P increased the shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root dry weight. The chlorophyll contents (Chl. a and b) were increased with the foliar application of phosphorous. The gas exchange parameters (net carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and sub-stomatal CO₂ rate) were significantly improved by foliar applied P. The maximum values of net CO₂ assimilation rate (5.27 μ mol m^?2 sec.^?1), transpiration rate (3.44 μ mol m^?2 sec.^?1), stomatal conductance (0.81 μ mol m^?2 sec.^?1) and sub-stomatal CO₂ (271.67 μ mol m^?2 sec.^?1), were recorded in the treatment where P was foliar applied at 6 kg hac.^?1 with pre-plant soil applied Phosphorous. The foliar application of phosphorous with pre-plant soil applied P enhanced Phosphorous use efficiency (PUE) in both varieties. The maximum value of PUE (15.42%) was recorded in the treatment where foliar feeding of P was done at 6 kg hac.^?1 with pre-plant soil applied P in both genotypes.     

Interaction of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of maize with extractable soil phosphorus levels and nitrogen-potassium fertilizers

Summary A field experiment was conducted for 3 years to determine whether increasing extractable soil P levels would affect vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) of maize (Zea mays L.) and the subsequent uptake of P and production of dry matter. Five levels of extractable soil P were established on an Aquic Dystrochrept soil with high and low NK fertilization. The results show that as extractable soil-P levels increase the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of maize decrease, but P concentrations in both leaf and root tissue increase. There was a significant interaction between the extractable soil-P levels and NK treatment. At the low soil-P level NK fertilization increased mycorrhizae, while at the high soil-P levels NK fertilization reduced mycorrhizae. Dry-matter production generally paralleled extractable soil-P levels from 1.0 mg P kg^–1 to a maximum at 10 mg P kg^–1 soil (by ammonium acetate, pH 4.8). The reduction in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae at the highest levels of extractable soil P apparently was not critical to either P uptake or dry-matter production.Scientific contribution No. 1196 Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station