辽宁地区两种菊科入侵植物与本地植物光合特性比较

为明确外来植物生理生态学性状及其与其强入侵性的关系,本研究采用野外原位气体交换参数测定的方法,分析了菊科入侵植物豚草、三裂叶豚草与其共生本地植物紫菀光合特性和叶片性状的差异。结果表明,豚草、三裂叶豚草、紫菀3种植物的光饱和点(LSP)均高于800μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),且两种入侵植物的LSP显著高于紫菀,表观量子效率(AQY)则显著低于紫菀;3种植物的最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))大小顺序为豚草三裂叶豚草紫菀,其中,豚草和三裂叶豚草的P_(nmax)分别比紫菀高出151.28%、82.80%,且差异显著。两种入侵植物的比叶面积(SLA)、叶片的单位质量氮含量(N_(mass))、叶片单位质量磷含量(P_(mass))、光合能量利用效率(PEUE)、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)均显著高于紫菀,但3者叶片单位质量建成成本(CC_(_(mass)))差异不显著。综上所述,辽宁的两种菊科入侵植物相对于本地共生种来说有着较高的气体交换参数和叶片特性指标,且其光合特性和叶片特性也存在着密切的联系,表现在这些菊科入侵植物有着更高的P_(nmax)、PNUE、PEUE和水分利用效率(WUE)等光合特性指标和能量利用指标,使得入侵植物能够更有效地捕获和利用环境资源,成为其得以成功入侵的原因之一。     

猪CD8B表达谱、基因多态性及其与血液免疫性状的关联分析

白细胞分化抗原8(cluster of differentiation 8,CD8)是主要表达在CD8+T细胞表面的共受体和信号转导分子.CD8B基因编码CD8蛋白的β链,在免疫应答中起着潜在的调节作用.为分析CD8B基因在猪(Sus scrofa)不同组织中的表达特征,并探究CD8B基因多态性对血液免疫性状的遗传效应,本研究利用qRT-PCR测定CD8B基因在大白猪7个组织中的表达量,并用PCR产物测序与限制性片段长度多态性(restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)方法对382头大白猪、84头长白猪和90头松辽黑猪CD8B基因编码区进行SNPs检测,以及分析CD8B基因突变对大白猪外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和血常规指标的影响.结果表明,CD8B基因在脾脏中的mRNA表达量最高,然后依次是肺脏、胃、肝脏、肾脏、心脏和肌肉.CD8B基因外显子5处检测到1个错义突变(c.602G＞A),在大白猪、长白猪和松辽黑猪群中均存在3种基因型(AA、AG和GG型),且3个猪种都是GG为优势基因型.统计分析显示,CD8B基因多态性与大白猪血液中的CD4+CD8-、CD4 CD8+、CD4 +/CD8+、血红蛋白含量(hemoglobin,HGB)和红细胞压积(hematocrit,HCT)指标显著相关(P＜0.05).最小二乘分析表明,3种CD8B基因型个体具有不同的血液参数,其中GG型的CD4+CD8-指标显著高于AG型,AG型的CD4-CD8+指标显著高于GG和AA型,GG和AA型的CD4+/CD8+、HGB和HCT指标显著高于AG型(P＜0.05).因此,CD8B基因可能参与血液生理指标的调控,可作为影响猪免疫性状的重要功能候选基因.本研究为进一步揭示CD8B基因的生物学功能提供依据,也为猪的标记辅助抗病育种提供了基础资料.     

基于一致性QTL区段四川小麦地方品种产量和品质相关性状的遗传分析

普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)地方品种具备了对当地自然生态条件的较强适应性和与之相对应的生产潜力.因此,从地方小麦品种中挖掘产量、品质、抗病虫及耐逆等优良基因资源,扩大当前小麦育种亲本的遗传基础,历来受到小麦遗传育种学家的高度重视.本研究通过对64个四川小麦地方品种进行了2年3个环境的表型精准鉴定,并利用231个小麦产量与品质相关性状的一致性QTL区段中的SSR标记,通过关联分析揭示四川地方品种产量和品质相关性状的遗传特征.表型鉴定结果显示,这些地方小麦品种具有多花多粒、分蘖能力强、成穗率高等特性,总体上属于中筋或弱筋小麦,且有效分蘖数、株高、小穗密度、穗长、可育小穗数、沉降值等性状遗传力较高,达50％以上.关联分析鉴定出18个多环境下稳定表达的SSR位点,与产量和品质性状极显著关联,其中1个(Xgwm372)同时与产量性状和品质性状关联,4个(Xwmc112,Xcfd5,Xwmc317和Xgwm372)最为稳定,3个(Xcfd5,Xgwm328和Xbarc181)关联到新的产量性状.相关分析表明,穗长与小穗密度呈极显著负相关,且有2个共同关联标记(Xgwm328和Xcfd5).还鉴定出2A染色体上的Xgwm448-Xgwm328-Xgwm3 72区段(8.0 cM)在多环境下与穗长显著关联.上述SSR标记位点和区段为通过分子标记辅助选择手段利用和发掘四川小麦地方品种产量和品质优异相关基因或区段提供理论指导.     

Agronomical,quality, and molecular characterization of twenty Italian emmer wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum dicoccon</Emphasis>) accessions

Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank, 2n = 4x = 28) consists in a hulled wheat; its cultivation has been drastically reduced during the last century as a consequence of its low yield. Recently, its agronomic and nutritive values, as well as the increase of popularity of organic agriculture, have led to a renewed interest making its cultivation economically viable in the marginal lands with an increase of the cultivated areas. In Italy, it mainly survives in few marginal lands of central and southern Italy, where local varieties, adapted to the natural environment from where they originate, are used; moreover, some selected lines have also been developed. In the present work, agro-morphological and qualitative traits, together with molecular analyses of 20 emmer accessions consisting of Italian landraces, breeding lines, and cultivars, were performed. The field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years (2001/2002–2002/2003) in two locations: Viterbo in central Italy, and Foggia in south Italy. The analyzed emmer wheat accessions showed a good amount of genetic variability for both evaluated agro-morphological and molecular traits. This study illustrates an increase in earliness, GY, TW, TKW, and YI going from landraces, breeding lines to cultivars, while the variability does not change proportionally.     

水稻白转绿突变体的特性、遗传及其育种应用

对通过辐射诱变获得的具有白化转绿特性的水稻光温敏核不育突变体的遗传及其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,这些突变体可分为3种类型：白化转绿类型(W2、W3、W4和W10),白化转黄绿类型(W9)和白化转绿后期转白复绿类型(W1和W7)。这些突变体的白转绿特性都是受一对隐性基因控制,具有与原不育系“培矮64S”相似的农艺性状和育性转换特性,它们的杂种具有与原杂交稻相似的株叶形态,分蘖和株高生长动态,但是它们的产量构成因素依不同的突变系而表现不同,其中W1、W2和W3的杂种具有与原杂交稻相似的产量潜力,具有较好的育种应用价值。     

Are survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus albidus (Annelida: Enchytraeidae) at risk by feeding on Bt-maize litter?

Enchytraeids are saprophagous soil organisms, appearing in high abundances and contributing to ecological processes within the soil. For decades they have been used as model species for biological research. In the framework of research on genetically modified plants, however, they have not been considered to date. Following the ISO/DIS guideline, survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus albidus, fed with diets containing Bt-maize (N4640Bt Cry1Ab, DKC5143Bt Cry3Bb1) leaf material were analysed. For comparison, diets with the corresponding untransformed near-isolines (N4640, DKC5143) were examined. Additionally a high quality control diet (oat flakes) was included. Survival and reproduction showed no significant differences between the Cry3Bb1 treatment and the treatment with the untransformed counterpart. For the Cry1Ab treatment survival was significantly higher than for the treatment with the corresponding near-isoline. In contrast, reproduction was significantly lower for the Cry1Ab treatment compared to that for the isoline. For the Cry3Bb1 treatment, no effect was shown on survival or reproduction. For the Cry1Ab variety and its untransformed counterpart, a contrasting result was detected, which is unlikely to be caused by the Bt-protein but rather by differences in other plant components. Overall survival and reproduction were highest for the control.     

施用锌肥和硼肥对玉米穗粒性状和品质的影响

为了探究微量元素锌和硼对玉米果穗的影响,以豫单606为材料,采用盆栽试验,设置不施用锌肥和硼肥(对照,CK)、施用锌肥、施用硼肥、同时施用锌肥和硼肥4种处理,调查了玉米穗粒性状和品质的变化。结果表明,施用锌肥和硼肥,秃尖减少,行粒数增加,产量显著提高;施用锌肥籽粒长度增加,粒厚、百粒体积和百粒重降低,由于穗粒数提高,单穗产量增加;施用硼肥籽粒长度、百粒重、百粒体积和单穗产量均增加。与CK相比,单施锌肥、硼肥及锌肥和硼肥配施均能提高籽粒蛋白质含量;施用锌肥籽粒脂肪含量显著提高,施用硼肥籽粒脂肪含量降低;各施肥处理淀粉含量均无显著差异。与CK相比,施用锌肥或硼肥以及锌肥和硼肥配施显著提高了籽粒锌和硼的含量。本研究结果为锌肥和硼肥在玉米生产中的应用提供了参考。     

Improving the efficiency of plant root system phenotyping through digitization and automation

Root system architecture (RSA) determines unevenly distributed water and nutrient availability in soil. Genetic improvement of RSA, therefore, is related to crop production. However, RSA phenotyping has been carried out less frequently than above-ground phenotyping because measuring roots in the soil is difficult and labor intensive. Recent advancements have led to the digitalization of plant measurements; this digital phenotyping has been widely used for measurements of both above-ground and RSA traits. Digital phenotyping for RSA is slower and more difficult than for above-ground traits because the roots are hidden underground. In this review, we summarized recent trends in digital phenotyping for RSA traits. We classified the sample types into three categories: soil block containing roots, section of soil block, and root sample. Examples of the use of digital phenotyping are presented for each category. We also discussed room for improvement in digital phenotyping in each category.     

虾夷扇贝家系群体遗传结构及其微卫星标记与经济性状相关性的分析研究

为了有效利用微卫星技术分析虾夷扇贝的群体遗传结构并筛选与虾夷扇贝生长相关的标记。采用19个多态性微卫星分子标记对虾夷扇贝一个家系群体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示：19个微卫星位点共获得60个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数(Na)为2~4个,等位基因片段大小为113~312 bp,平均等位基因数为3.26个,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为3.0175个,观测杂合度(Ho)平均值为0.2952,期望杂合度(He)的平均值为0.6352,平均多态信息含量(PIC)值为0.5671。经卡方Hardy-Weinberg检验(P<0.01)显示多于半数的位点都发生了偏离。运用SPSS 16.0对微卫星标记与虾夷扇贝生长性状的相关性进行分析,结果表明：DQ679223与壳宽显著相关,EF056526与体重、壳长、壳高、壳宽显著相关,DQ221720与体重、壳高、壳宽显著相关,FJ262409与体重显著相关。研究结果表明：虾夷扇贝的群体遗传多样性水平较高,有较高的遗传改良潜力,可以利用筛选的与虾夷扇贝生长相关的标记进行辅助育种,提高育种效率。     

利用RIL群体对水稻再生力及相关农艺性状的QTL分析

以粳糯稻品种糯89-1与籼型重穗型杂交稻骨干恢复系蜀恢527杂交构建的籼粳交F₇代RIL群体的169个家系为作图群体,构建了一张含105个微卫星(SSR)标记的分子连锁图谱。定位了水稻正季7个农艺性状的QTL 15个,分布在第1、第2、第3、第5、第6、第7、第10染色体上,LOD值介于2.10~7.51,贡献率3.77%~25.37%,其中贡献率10.0%以上的QTL 7个,单个性状的QTL 1~4个;定位了水稻再生季7个农艺性状的QTL 19个,分布在第1、第2、第3、第4、第5、第6、第7、第10染色体上,LOD值介于2.17~18.34,贡献率3.23%~37.66%,其中贡献率10.0%以上的QTL 7个,单个性状的QTL1~5个;定位了影响水稻再生力(最终再生率)的QTL 2个(qRa4,qRa5),分别在第4和第5染色体上,贡献率分别为8.17%和7.09%,加性效应分别为0.32和-0.39,贡献率和加性效应均较小,属微效基因。共检测到两季农艺性状QTL 36个,同一性状被重复检测的QTL 8个。水稻再生力与正季稻有效穗呈极显著负相关;水稻再生力与再生稻有效穗呈极显著正相关,与每穗总粒数和着粒密度呈显著负相关。QTL定位结果揭示了有效穗是影响再生力的主要因素。