Effect of set-size and storage temperature on bolting,bulbing and seed yield in two onion cultivars

The effects of three set-sizes (12.5, 17.5 and 22.5 mm in diameter) and seven storage temperatures (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) on bolting, bulbing and seed yield in two onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars ‘Hygro’ and ‘Delta’ were investigated. The incidence of bolting increased linearly with set-size and curvi-linearly with decreasing storage temperature. Time to inflorescence emergence and floret opening showed a curvi-linear response to storage temperature with the earliest inflorescence emergence and floret opening occurring at 5 °C and the latest at 30 °C for ‘Hygro’ and at 25 °C for ‘Delta’. Seed yield per umbel also showed a curvi-linear response to storage temperature with the lowest seed yield occurring at 30 °C for ‘Hygro’ and at 25 °C for ‘Delta’ and the highest seed yield at 5 °C. For a seed crop, storage of large sets (22.5 mm) of these cultivars at 5 °C for 120 days appeared to be optimum with 5–12% higher seed yield per umbel than that of 90 days storage. Bulb yield showed a curvi-linear response to storage temperature with the highest bulb yield occurring at 25 °C and the lowest at 5 °C.     

Reproductive biology of the commercial sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Holothuria spinifera</Emphasis> (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Tuticorin,Tamil Nadu,India

The annual reproductive cycle of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria spinifera was studied in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India, from September 2000 to October 2001, by macroscopic and microscopic examination of gonad tubule, gonad index and histology of gametogenic stages, to determine the spawning pattern. The gonad consists of long tubules with uniform development. It does not confirm the progressive tubule recruitment model described for other holothurians. The maximum percentage of mature animals, gonad and fecundity indices, tubule length and diameter, with the observations on gonad histology, ascertained that H. spinifera had the peak gametogenic activity during September and October 2001 followed by a prolonged spawning period from November 2000–March 2001.     

艾氟迪（AFD）在棉花上施用时期的研究

通过用艾氟迪（AFD）600ml/hm2在棉花的初花期和盛花期喷施棉株中部的主茎、分枝和叶背,分析其对棉花生长发育和品质的影响,以研究鄱阳湖棉区中等肥力条件下AFD的施用时期。试验结果表明：在棉花的初花期和盛花期喷施艾氟迪（AFD）600ml/hm2均能有效协调棉花营养生长与生殖生长的关系,能够促进花芽分化、减少赘芽,增加单株果节数、促使棉花成铃集中并能改善棉花纤维品质,但略使衣分降低。     

不同收获时期和收获方式对水稻碾米品质和产量的影响

研究不同收获时期和方式对水稻碾米品质和产量的影响,确定适宜收获期,结果表明:过早收获,籽粒成熟度不高,青瘪粒增多,千粒重降低,从而造成减产,也降低了精米率和整精米率;反之,收获过晚也会降低产量。在本试验条件下,综合考虑各因素,10月1～10日茎秆含水量偏高,可采用半喂入式收割机收获;10月10～17日可采用全喂入式联合收割机收获,即适宜收获时间17 d。割晒方式收获适宜收获期是9月25日～10月5日。     

Nitrous oxide emission measurement with acetylene inhibition method in paddy fields under flood conditions

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from flooded rice paddy fields was continuously measured by the closed chamber method at an experimental plot in Thailand for a whole cultivation period. To characterize the N₂O emission with regard to the denitrification N loss, the C₂H₂ inhibition method was applied. Flood water on the soil greatly suppressed the N₂O emission. The N₂O emission was mitigated considerably by even a thin film of the flood water. The overall average N₂O emissions under flood conditions for one crop season (83 days) at the control site and the C₂H₂ treated site were 10.3 and 11.8 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively. The N₂O emission from the C₂H₂ treated site was consistently higher than that from the control site and the N₂O emission from both sites followed the same diurnal and seasonal variation pattern, indicating the effect of denitrification inhibition by the supplied C₂H₂. The N₂O emission enhanced along with temperature increase when NO₃–N concentration in the soil water was above 0.4 mg N l⁻¹ and soil temperature was above 24°C, suggesting specific temperature influence over the emission. The increase in NO₃–N concentration and temperature in the soil affected only the N₂O emission while the difference in the emission at the C₂H₂ treated site and the control site was not so much affected. It was suggested that most of the actively produced N₂O under higher NO₃–N concentration and temperature would likely to quickly emit to the atmosphere rather than to undergo further reduction to N₂.     

先秦至汉晋时期珍珠的考古发现与初步研究

我国古代先民很早便开始采捕珍珠。先秦以迄西汉中期,出土珍珠的墓葬或规模宏大,或随葬品丰富,反映出这一时期珍珠作为昂贵奢侈品流通的属性。而西汉中晚期以来,尤其是东汉时期,珍珠较多地在中小型墓中出现,表明珍珠的消费群体逐渐扩大。随着岭南珍珠开采和贸易的兴起,合浦成为海上丝绸之路的重要港口。先秦至汉晋时期,珍珠被广泛应用于装饰、丧葬、美容等领域,并被人们赋予一定的文化含义,从而影响着当时的社会生活。     

沈山高速公路大雾天气气候特征及其对交通的影响及防御

利用沈山高速公路沿线8个气象观测站（沈阳、辽中、台安、盘锦、锦州、葫芦岛、兴城、绥中）1981—2012年的大雾实况资料,分析沈山高速公路沿线大雾时空分布特征。结果表明：在时间分布上,2003—2012年,沈山高速公路大雾日数呈上升趋势,年平均为16.4天,比20世纪80年代增加1.8天;辽中、台安、盘锦和沈阳4个站大雾天气主要出现在秋、冬季,而锦州、葫芦岛、兴城、绥中4个站大雾天气主要出现在夏、秋季。大雾日变化明显,有2个生成的高发阶段,一个在早晨3—6时,另一个在夜里21—24时,大雾消散的时间主要在15时之前,消散的峰值在上午9时左右,89%的大雾持续时间不超过10 h,2~4 h左右的雾发生频率最高。在空间分布上,沈山高速沿线西南部沿海雾日多,内陆地区雾日少,有明显的地区差异。在对沈山高速公路沿线大雾天气气候特征分析的基础上,结合2008—2012年沈山高速由于大雾的原因引发的交通事故分析,探讨了大雾对沈山高速公路交通的影响,选取大雾灾害隐患点,找出服务关键期,并有针对性地提出防御建议。     

温度和降水对云南玉溪水稻生产的影响

为了解水稻不同生长阶段气温和降水因子对水稻生产的影响,利用玉溪市红塔区农业气象观测站1980—2011年水稻生长期、产量及其构成因素的观测资料,分析了水稻各生长阶段天数、产量及其构成因素与同期气温和降水量的关系。结果表明：除孕穗—抽穗期,降水量与水稻其他各生长阶段天数呈显著正相关,以分蘖—孕穗期（r=0.6362,P>0.01）和移栽—分蘖期（r=0.4247,P>0.05）受降水限制最大。移栽—分蘖期平均气温、最高气温和最低气温,以及分蘖—孕穗期和乳熟—成熟期日较差与相应阶段天数呈显著负相关。穗粒数是影响水稻产量的主要构成因素,其与孕穗—乳熟期气温呈正相关。结实率与乳熟—成熟期最高气温和温差呈显著负相关,与最低气温和降水量呈显著正相关。千粒重与孕穗—成熟期气温呈负相关。水稻产量与移栽—分蘖期最高气温和日较差呈显著负相关,与降水量呈显著正相关,且丰年这3个因子与平年和歉年也有较大差异。结果说明,移栽—孕穗期水稻生产主要受降水的限制,孕穗—成熟期则主要受气温的影响,较高的气温促进穗粒数的增加,较大的温差促进物质的积累,对提高水稻产量较为有利。     

阜阳市霜冻变化特征

为了有效防御和减轻霜冻灾害对阜阳市农业生产的影响,为合理开展农业气候区划提供可靠依据,利用阜阳市1953—2014年62年整编资料,采用气候统计学方法,对阜阳市霜冻气候特征及其变化进行分析。结果表明：（1）初霜冻主要集中在10 月下旬—11 月中旬,占总次数的90%,终霜冻主要集中在3月中旬—4 月上旬,占总次数的77%。（2）平均初霜冻日为11 月2 日、终霜冻日为3 月26 日,无霜冻期为222天。（3）终霜冻出现异常较初霜冻频率高,20世纪80年代后期以来初霜冻未出现异常偏早和偏晚,21世纪以来终霜冻异常增多。（4）初霜冻整体变化趋势不明显,未发生气候突变。终霜冻在20世纪60年代末期出现气候突变呈提前趋势。无霜期在20世纪80年代后期出现气候突变呈延长趋势。     

水稻不同需水关键期适宜灌水下限指标研究

在5 m2有底测坑内研究水稻拔节孕穗期和抽穗开花期70%～90%土壤饱和含水率灌水下限对灌溉制度、渗漏量和产量等的影响。结果表明,不同灌水条件下,灌水次数、灌水模数、灌溉定额发生较大变化,灌水次数在本田期为28～37次,灌溉定额为8 190～9 450 m3/hm2,各处理渗漏量随着灌水量的降低而降低,渗漏量为灌水量的54.22%～64.25%,拔节孕穗期较抽穗开花期需水更敏感,拔节孕穗期应保持湿润状态,抽穗开花期适宜灌水下限为90%。