高寒地区多年生禾草混播草地种间竞争效应分析

从高寒地区3组分禾草混播草地群落的种问竞争机制出发,建立了适合高寒地区3组分禾草混播草地群落种间竞争机制的Lotka—Volterra竞争效应模型,并对该模型所描述的竞争进行了计算机模拟试验。模拟结果表明,试验所选的3种高寒地区3组分禾草混播草群的种间相容性分为两种类型,即不稳定的群落：多叶老芒麦 无芒雀麦 垂穗披碱草和垂穗披碱草 多叶老芒麦 扁穗冰草,其竞争结局是：群落内多叶老芒麦和垂穗披碱草二者共同表现为优势种群,无芒雀麦或扁穗冰草与优势植物的竞争结果将导致其从群落中消失,多叶老芒麦和垂穗披碱草种群将能稳定共存;不稳定-稳定过渡群落：无芒雀麦 多叶老芒麦 扁穗冰草,在没有多叶老芒麦种群的时候,无芒雀麦和扁穗冰草种群可以共存,但是如果多叶老芒麦种群加入无芒雀麦和扁穗冰草所占的区域,它将导致无芒雀麦和扁穗冰草种群趋于灭绝。通过对3个混播试验组计算机模拟竞争模型的竞争效应分析,其结果与方法对科学建植同类型的多年生混播人工草地具有一定的指导意义。     

夏季狗牙根草坪不同建植方法及秋季交播黑麦草对成坪效果的影响

以狗牙根Cynodon dactylon种子和营养体为材料，在武汉地区，对5种不同建植方法建成的草坪从盖度变化、成坪时间、均一性、建植成本及秋季交播多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne后翌年狗牙根的草坪质量等方面进行综合比较。结果表明：采用夏季建植狗牙根草坪并于秋季交播多年生黑麦草的方法来建植四季常绿草坪，狗牙根采用撒茎覆沙法效果最佳，其他方法依次为开沟埋茎法、闻铺草皮法、穴植草茎法；种子直播法在翌年需重新建坪。     

高原地区多年生与一年生禾本科牧草混播效果

在高原地区退耕还草示范种植中,利用牧区广泛种植的一年生禾本科牧草燕麦Avena sativa与进口的多年生禾本科牧草细茎冰草Efymus trachycaulum混播。结果表明：燕麦和细茎冰草混播既能克服单一种植多年生禾本科牧草时的杂草危害问题,也能使退耕当年就获得较好的经济效益,解决了种植当年的收成问题,使项目建设的效益及早得到体现。第1年燕麦开花期鲜草产量为2.49 kg/m2, 细茎冰草第2年能够良好生长,第2年细茎冰草开花期鲜草产量为1.48 kg/m2,生长后期鲜草产量为1.76 kg/m2。     

Systemic View on Heading and Overwintering: Are They Always Opposed?

The study investigated the cultivars of non‐obligatorily requiring vernalization plant Festulolium braunii and assessed the influence of non‐hardy reproductive and hardy vegetative structures on overwintering effect. The study was conducted taking into account systemic relations between these types of structures. The results show the cultivars differ according to the percentage of headed and overwintered plants, when the cultivars with the most abundant heading – ‘Felopa’ and ‘Sulino’ – are also better at overwintering. The positive correlation between heading and overwintering characteristics was also observed, what seemed to be a rather new finding. It can be explained by systemic effect: non‐hardy later reproductive structures induce the post‐generative regrowth of vegetative shoots, which during shorter days halt development and become potentially hardy. More detailed interpretation is also provided including discussion of causal mechanisms of the detected phenomenon. The authors suppose that these mechanisms constitute a survival strategy for such perennial plants. The observed late heading which represents reproductive structures could be applied in plant breeding as a marker of winter‐hardiness among perennial grass plants which non‐obligatorily demand vernalization.     

黑麦草萌发期对低温与盐胁迫的交叉适应性

【目的】研究多年生黑麦草萌发期对低温与盐胁迫的交叉适应性,为在盐渍土壤上建植牧草提供依据。【方法】将多年生黑麦草种子在3~5℃低温条件下预处理3d(T3)、5d(T5)和7d(T7),以未进行低温处理为对照(CK),并将4个处理组种子分别在质量分数为0%,0.3%,0.6%,0.9%和1.2%的NaCl溶液中进行萌发试验,测定种子的发芽指数、活力指数和幼苗的根系活力及丙二醛、脯氨酸、NO含量。【结果】随着NaCl质量分数的增加,各处理组多年生黑麦草种子的萌发均受到不同程度的抑制;T3与T5组种子的发芽指数、活力指数和根系活力间无显著差异,而两者总体上高于CK和T7组;各处理组幼苗丙二醛含量随着NaCl质量分数的增加总体呈上升趋势,但T7组丙二醛含量高于其他处理组;各处理组脯氨酸含量随NaCl质量分数增加均呈上升趋势,且CK组脯氨酸含量总体上高于各低温预处理组;各处理组幼苗的NO含量在NaCl胁迫下总体均呈上升趋势,但与质量分数0.3%NaCl胁迫相比,T5组幼苗NO含量在质量分数0.6%,0.9%NaCl胁迫下持续下降,CK、T3组在质量分数0.9%NaCl胁迫下的NO含量较质量分数0.6%NaCl胁迫时有所下降,CK、T3、T5组的NO含量均在质量分数1.2%NaCl胁迫下有较大幅度的上升,而T7组却在质量分数1.2%NaCl胁迫条件下略有下降。【结论】多年生黑麦草具有一定的耐盐性,低温预处理增强了其种子萌发期的抗盐胁迫能力;低温预处理3~5d显著提高了种子萌发期的抗盐能力,黑麦草在低温和盐渍胁迫之间存在"交叉适应"现象,而NO可能作为二者的共同信号受体在交叉适应中发挥着调控作用。     

20种多年生牧草在昆明两县的引种试验

2003年至2005年采用多年多点随机区组设计在昆明市宜良县和晋宁县对国内外引进的多年生牧草（9个禾本科、9个豆科、1个蓼科和1个菊科材料）进行了比较研究。结果表明,在20个牧草品种中王草和非洲狗尾草,尤其是王草在各年各点的干草产量最高,与其它草的差异极显著（P〈0．01）;除了高丹草、红三叶外,其它牧草产量有逐年增加的趋势;多变小冠花、鲁梅克斯、红三叶、草莓三叶的产量不理想。     

大豆田苣荬菜综合防除技术研究

提出了大豆田恶性杂草—苣荬菜的综合防除技术体系：１）降低大豆在整个轮作体系中的比例，将苣荬菜消灭于禾谷类作物四；２）深翻抑制芽根的萌发；３）大豆前茬作物收获后秋季茎叶处理２．４－Ｄ丁酯，最佳用药量为０．８１～１．３５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，最佳施药时期为１０月５～１０日；４）作为挽救措施可在大豆播后苗前施２．４—Ｄ丁酯，用药量为０．７２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，并可与乙草胺、赛克津等常规大豆田除草剂混用．     

Effects of Interspecific Competition on the Inheritance of Quantitative Traits in White Clover *)

Analysis of a half diallel cross among four white clover cultivars, grown as monocultures and in mixtures (duocultures) with two separate perennial rye-grass cultivars, confirmed that for stolon and leaf number a higher proportion of the genetic variance in duocultures was non-additive. For canopy height and dry weight, however, this proportion was less affected by inter-specific competition. An additive-dominance model of gene action sufficed for all four characters in monocultures, but in duocultures epis-tasis was just one of the factors complicating the genetic picture. This, coupled with short-term reversals in the direction of dominance, merely illustrates the complexity of breeding white clover cultivars. Possible future developments in the breeding of white clover are discussed in the light of these results.     

两个新品种豌豆与冬牧70黑麦燕麦混播试验

一年生豆科、禾本科牧草混播试验于1998-1999年在甘肃省皇城绵羊育种试验场进行。本试验设计为双因子8个水平组合。两个因子分别为草种搭配，豆禾比例。通过对各水平组合的产草量、叶量、营养成分和倒伏状况进行综合分析评价，结果表明草种搭配以饲用豌豆和燕麦混播效果最佳，豆禾比以2 : 8较为理想。