毛乌素沙地1990-2014年景观格局变化及驱动力

土地利用的改变受自然环境和人类活动影响,土地利用变化又会影响景观格局,本研究应用3S技术和景观指数相结合的方法,分析了毛乌素沙地1990、1995、2002、2008、2014年25年来土地利用动态过程与景观格局变化,并选取自然和人类活动等10个因子分析了其变化驱动力.结果显示,25年来固定沙地面积增加7.5%,半固定沙地增加3.8%,流动沙地减少42.95%,农田面积增加4.6%,低湿地和水体面积基本不变,城建用地面积增加.其中,增加的固定沙地主要由半固定沙地和流动沙地转变而来;增加的半固定沙地主要由流动沙地和固定沙地转变而来;减少的流动沙地主要转为固定沙地和半固定沙地.景观结构趋于复杂,类型斑块数增加,平均斑块面积减小,破碎度上升,呈现破碎化态势.各类型斑块数和分离度变化非常显著.研究区土地利用和景观格局变化主要是人为活动中的农牧民人均纯收入、人口、GDP和农林牧总产值因素所致,气候因素贡献不是很大.     

放牧干扰对栗斑腹鹀繁殖的影响

在内蒙古通辽市扎鲁特旗嘎亥图开展了放牧对栗斑腹鹀(Emberiza jankowskii)繁殖影响的研究,分析了围栏区与非围栏区栗斑腹鹀的繁殖生境选择和繁殖功效。研究共发现89巢和202枚卵,其中围栏区含有卵的巢为30个(33.70%);成功出飞的巢为4巢(4.49%);总卵119枚(58.91%);出雏34只(16.83%);成功出飞雏鸟15只(7.43%)。非围栏区含有卵的巢为25个(28.09%);成功出飞巢为1巢(1.12%);总卵83枚(41.09%);出雏24只(11.88%);成功出飞雏鸟4只(1.98%)。繁殖大生境研究结果表明,围栏区与非围栏区的西伯利亚山杏密度、贝加尔针茅高度、枯草密度、青草密度、裸地比例存在极显著差异。西伯利亚山杏高度和贝加尔针茅密度存在显著差异,青草的均高、植物种类和腐蚀草厚度无显著差异。此外,斑块的平均面积为(82.63±72.98)hm2,斑块内的栗斑腹鹀为(9.67±9.79)只,斑块内牧群的数量与栗斑腹鹀种群密度存在显著负相关性,牧群数量越多,栗斑腹鹀的种群密度越小。     

Participatory monitoring of biodiversity in East African grazing lands

There are disagreements on the use of standard biodiversity monitoring methods to promote community participation. This study combined three methods to investigate questions why monitor biodiversity, what biodiversity to monitor and how participatory biodiversity monitoring can be promoted in central Uganda in East Africa. The question of why biodiversity should be monitored concerns the justification for monitoring, while the question of what to monitor concerns the choice of biodiversity variables, and the question of how to monitor biodiversity concerns the links between the data generated from monitoring and problems associated particularly with regard to community participation. The study selected landscape and sampling scales (i.e. plots) for participatory monitoring of biodiversity. Herders identified main landscape patches and plant species. Herder value‐weighted indicators, such as invasive species and range condition scores (i.e. composite indicators representing species palatability, composition, cover, density and richness) were used for measuring biodiversity in their grazing lands. To understand what biodiversity to monitor, we interpreted the correlation between biodiversity indicators and herder value‐weighted range conditions. Herders defined biodiversity from a utilitarian perspective, which is inconsistent with the conventional scientific goals of biodiversity conservation which focus on preservation of the total species pool. To address the question of how to monitor biodiversity, evidence from the folk taxonomy of sampled plant species and other proxy biodiversity indicators, including herder value‐weighted range condition scores, were compared to understand scale dependence. We inferred that the landscape scale monitoring was more sensitive to measuring biodiversity than the conventional scales of plots. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

播种虎尾草对松嫩草地次生光碱斑治理的初步研究

采用扦插玉米秸秆 播种虎尾草、翻耙 扦插玉米秸秆 播种虎尾草对松嫩草地次生光碱斑进行改良实验.结果表明,2种处理区虎尾草均生长良好,并能顺利繁殖,地上生物量分别达到111.9±48.8和176.8±56.9 g/m2.另外,玉米秸秆本身成为虎尾草生长的载体,是改良实验成功的重要因素.实验达到预期效果,即低成本、快速地使次生光碱斑恢复植被,加快其植被恢复进程.     

Boundary dynamics at the aquatic-terrestrial interface: The influence of beaver and geomorphology

Beaver (Castor canadensis) impoundments are used to illustrate the effect of large animals on the boundary dynamics of patch bodies, volumetric landscape units which have surficial boundaries with upper and lower strata, and lateral boundaries with adjacent patches within the same stratum. Patch bodies created by beaver impoundments include the beaver pond, the aerobic soil beneath the pond, and the underlying anaerobic soil. Beaver herbivory in the riparian zone creates an additional patch body concentric to the pond. Beaver and water are the primary biotic and abiotic vectors mediating fluxes across lateral patch body boundaries; vegetation and microbes are the primary biotic vectors mediating fluxes across surficial patch body boundaries. Basin geomorphology affects the permeability of pond boundaries (i.e., their ability to transmit, energy and materials) by affecting the kinetic energy of water, the surface-to-volume ratio of the impoundment, and the movement of beaver between the pond and the riparian foraging zone. We suggest that: (1) permeability of lateral boundaries to abiotic vectors is a function of kinetic energy; (2) within-patch retention of particulate matter transferred by abiotic vectors across lateral boundaries is maximized by a decrease in kinetic energy; (3) lateral patch boundaries between safe refuge and a resource used by an animal vector are most permeable when they are narrow; and (4) total amount of energy and materials transferred across surficial boundaries is maximized by increasing surface area.     

Functional heterogencity in resources within landscapes and herbivore population dynamics

Large mammalian herbivores are notorious for their propensity towards population irruptions and crashes, yet many herbivore populations remain relatively stable. I explore how resource heterogeneity within landscapes dampens population instability, using a metaphysiological modelling approach condidering patch state distributions. Resource heterogeneity is functionally stabilizing through spreading consumption away from preferred resources before these critically depleted. Lower-quality resources act as a buffer against starvation during critical critical periods of the seasonal cycle. Enriching resource quality is destabilizing, even if patch diversity is maintained, because food quantity then becomes the limitation. The potential consequences of landscape fragmentation are explored using the Serengeti ecosystem, characterised by broadscale resource gradients, as a hypothetical example. Further insights provided by the model are illustrated with specific examples concerning the effects of patch scales and waterpoint distribution. A metaphysiological modelling approach enables the basic consequences of landscape heterogeneity to be distinguished from further effects that may arise from specific patch scales and configurations, without the distracting detail of spatially explicit models.     

九寨沟自然保护区景观格局及其斑块稳定性

以1987、1997和2005年3个时期遥感影像为基本信息源,并借助RS和GIS技术获取3个时期九寨沟自然保护区的景观类型矢量图和属性数据库,选取基质比例、斑块数量和面积变化率和斑块密度变化率等指标,运用数理统计的方法,对九寨沟自然保护区1987—1997年及1998—2005年两个时段的景观格局及其斑块稳定性进行了初步研究。结果表明:林地是九寨沟自然保护区景观的基质,且比例有所提高,处于稳定状态。林地和裸岩石砾地斑块稳定性最高,灌木林地和水域次之,草地稳定性较低;耕地与建设用地稳定性最低,这与1998年以来保护区实施的退耕还林、还草生态工程密切相关。草地斑块的稳定性对保护区的景观稳定性具有重要作用,尤其应对中小尺度的斑块予以特别重视。     

官司河流域土地覆被景观稳定性及其环境效应

以1995年和2005年官司河流域两期的TM遥感数据作为基本信息源,并借助RS、GIS和数理统计方法提取景观类型的矢量数据,通过基质比例、斑块数量和面积变化率、斑块密度变化率3个指标以及景观类型转化规律对流域的景观稳定性及其环境效应进行了初步研究。结果表明:(1)耕地是整个流域人工景观的基质,处在频繁耕作及动态变化中,马尾松林地作为半自然景观的基质,稳定性亦较低,但有所提高,二者对维持区域生态环境的良好发展起主导作用;(2)城镇及水域的斑块稳定性最高,马尾松林地、栎类林地和柏木林地次之,耕地与村庄的稳定性最低,这与流域作为典型农林复合生态区的地位与作用相吻合;(3)耕地与水域及有林地的转化最为剧烈,这与1998年以来流域实施的退耕还林工程密切相关,但水域及有林地的稳定性仍然取决于其自然稳定性,且景观格局呈现良好发展趋势;(4)中小斑块的马尾松林地及柏木林地的稳定性对流域的景观稳定性具有重要作用,处在生态环境变化趋向的节点位置,应予以合理的保护、规划及建设。     

Faecal shedding, alimentary clearance and intestinal spread of prions in hamsters fed with scrapie

Shedding of prions via faeces may be involved in the transmission of contagious prion diseases. Here, we fed hamsters 10mg of 263K scrapie brain homogenate and examined the faecal excretion of disease-associated prion protein (PrP(TSE)) during the course of infection. The intestinal fate of ingested PrP(TSE) was further investigated by monitoring the deposition of the protein in components of the gut wall using immunohistochemistry and paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blotting. Western blotting of faecal extracts showed shedding of PrP(TSE) in the excrement at 24-72 h post infection (hpi), but not at 0-24 hpi or at later preclinical or clinical time points. About 5% of the ingested PrP(TSE) were excreted via the faeces. However, the bulk of PrP(TSE) was cleared from the alimentary canal, most probably by degradation, while an indiscernible proportion of the inoculum triggered intestinal infection. Components of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and the enteric nervous system (ENS) showed progressing accumulation of PrP(TSE) from 30 days post infection (dpi) and 60 dpi, respectively. At the clinical stage of disease, substantial deposits of PrP(TSE) were found in the GALT in close vicinity to the intestinal lumen. Despite an apparent possibility of shedding from Peyer's patches that may involve the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), only small amounts of PrP(TSE) were detected in faeces from clinically infected animals by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Although excrement may thus provide a vehicle for the release of endogenously formed PrP(TSE), intestinal clearance mechanisms seem to partially counteract such a mode of prion dissemination.     

白洋淀湿地景观斑块时空变化研究

景观格局变化可以深刻地反映人类活动对生态环境的影响,研究白洋淀湿地景观格局时空变化对于明晰湿地水环境质量的恶化原因具有重要意义。通过综合运用GIS技术和景观格局指数法,对白洋淀1987、1999和2007年LandsatTM遥感影像进行解译分析,研究了白洋淀20年间景观格局动态变化。结果表明：苇地、耕地和水域是淀区主导景观类型,所占比例高达86.62%~93.06%,苇地为42.74%~58.02%。淀区斑块数和密度增加了23.01%,景观破碎化程度加剧。景观均匀度指数由0.74降至0.67,多样性指数由1.44降至1.25。苇地和耕地面积增加最多,分别为18.08%和28.05%;水域和干草地减少最多,分别为35.78%和76.53%景观分维数范围为1.05~1.27,受人类影响较大;苇地从1.27降至1.19,水域从1.16降至1.09,人为影响明显增强;裸地、林地和干草地的分维数最小,分别为1.06~1.08,1.05~1.09和1.07~1.09。根据主导景观类型时空变化,将白洋淀划分为G、WG和WS区。G和WG区主导景观类型均表现出从水域到苇地再到耕地转化趋势,WS区的水面和苇地在外源调水的作用下得以维持,水域整体向东部转移。建议白洋淀湿地保护以水域、苇地和草地为核心,控制淀内及周边人类活动对自然景观的扰动。调水要充分考虑白洋淀的景观时空特征,尽量降低对重要景观类型和生物多样性的影响。