养殖水体中高效氨氮降解菌的分离与鉴定

以(NH4)2SO4为惟一氮源的选择性培养基,从养鱼池水中分离筛选到1株高效氨氮降解菌X2。当NH4 -N初始质量浓度为50 mg/L时,该菌株在24 h内的氨氮降解率>95%,并具有硝酸还原和亚硝酸还原能力。初步鉴定该菌株为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)。     

Degradation and effect of hydrogen peroxide in small‐scale recirculation aquaculture system biofilters

From an environmental point of view, hydrogen peroxide (HP) has beneficial attributes compared with other disinfectants in terms of its ready degradation and neutral by‐products. The rapid degradation of HP can, however, cause difficulties with regard to safe and efficient water treatment when applied in different systems. In this study, we investigated the degradation kinetics of HP in biofilters from water recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The potential effect of HP on the nitrification process in the biofilters was also examined. Biofilter elements from two different pilot‐scale RAS were exposed to various HP treatments in batch experiments, and the HP concentration was found to follow an exponential decay. The biofilter ammonia and nitrite oxidation processes showed quick recuperation after exposure to a single dose of HP up to 30 mg L^?1. An average HP concentration of 10–13 mg L^?1 maintained over 3 h had a moderate inhibitory effect on the biofilter elements from one of the RAS with relatively high organic loading, while the nitrification was severely inhibited in the pilot‐scale biofilters from the other RAS with a relatively low organic loading. A pilot‐scale RAS, equipped with two biofilter units, both a moving‐bed (Biomedia) and a fixed‐bed (BIO‐BLOK^®) biofilter, was subjected to an average HP concentration of ～12 mg L^?1 for 3 h. The ammonium‐ and nitrite‐degrading efficiencies of both the Biomedia and the BIO‐BLOK^® filters were drastically reduced. The filters had not reverted to pre‐HP exposure efficiency after 24 h, suggesting a possible long‐term impact on the biofilters.     

滇池水环境退化与区域内物种多样性的丧失

本文论述了滇池草海的物种多样性指数由20世纪50年代的2.70(ShannonˉW iener Index)降到90年代的0.29;滇池外海在20世纪50年代末,湖水面积90%以上为海菜花群落、马来眼子菜群落等,70年代仅占20%弱,20世纪90年代末的水生植物覆盖率不及3%;分析了藻类的种群优势度向着蓝藻种群优势度不断增加的方向发展,浮游动物的多样性增加,大型底栖无脊椎动物物种结构趋向单一化,鱼类多样性指数由1957年的1.81降为1997年的0.11,滇池的物种多样性指数由20世纪60年代的1.08降到90年代的0.67,认为滇池水环境退化与物种多样性丧失呈双向恶化效应,物种多样性重建是滇池生态恢复的重要指标。     

Analysis of mesh breaking loads in cotton gill nets: Possible solution to ghost fishing

ABSTRACT:   A small number of fishers in Chiba Prefecture of eastern Japan use cotton gill nets to catch Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus. To examine the advantages of cotton gill nets, we analyzed changes in mesh breaking load of a new cotton gill net used in a fishing operation. A new cotton gill net was also soaked in a seawater tank to simulate ghost fishing conditions. The average mesh breaking load of new cotton mesh was 50.3 N. This value decreased to 19.0 N after 38 days (∼912 h), and after 82 days (∼1968 h) the mesh could be easily torn (breaking load 0.07 N). Under fishing conditions, the cumulative soak time was only 744.4 h over 19 months. The average breaking load at the end of this period was 43.1 N, a strength 86% that of the presoaked mesh. The mesh breaking load of a cotton gill net continuously soaked for 744.4 h was 26.1 N, as estimated from tank experiment data. Thus, a cotton gill net maintains reasonable strength under typical use conditions, but will degrade if lost at sea.     

A Review on Decaffeination of Tea Products

Since caffeine possesses some well-unknown adverse effects,many attempts have been conducted to remove it from tea products,including selective extraction with different solvents,enzymatic degradation and inhibition the caffeine synthesis pathway.Reports showed that caffeine can be safely and efficiently removed from fresh tea leaves by hot water blanching,however this approach is not suitable for treating the rolled or dried leaves because of the unavoidable loss of catechins.Although microwave-enhanced vacuum ice water extraction can be used for decaffeination of dried tea,time consumption seems to be the main shortage of this method.Liquefied dimethyl ether might be used as another alternative solvent for selective extraction of caffeine from tea products because of its low toxicity and residum,but its decaffeination efficiency needs to be verified furthermore.It has been proved that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is an effective approach for removing caffeine from different types of tea products,while the application of the technique is always limited as its expensive equipments and high running costs.Decaffeination with microbe incubation or enzymatic digestion is highly hopeful since many studies showed that some microorganisms can degrade the caffeine through induced demethylase and oxidase under gentle condition in some model systems,unfortunately,this approach is far away from application since security and quality of the decaffeinated products are rarely concerned.Low-caffeine tea products can be easily produced through normal manufacture by using the leaves harvested from some low-caffeine cultivars which are derived through genetic modification or conventional breeding,but these germplasms are very limited.     

转基因大豆CP4-EPSPS蛋白的降解规律研究

随着转基因技术发展和应用,转基因外源基因表达蛋白在环境中富集和降解情况成为公众关注的问题,外源蛋白在环境中的检测和监测成为转基因研究和监管的一个方向.本研究利用模拟自然降解和蛋白酶K两种方式,处理转基因大豆种子(5％GTS 40-3-2),采用Western blot、双抗夹心快速检测试纸条和酶联免疫吸附测定(ELIS...     

氨唑草酮的水解、挥发及其在水-沉积物系统中的降解特性

为评价氨唑草酮的环境安全性,参照国家标准GB/T 31270-2014的要求,采用室内模拟法研究了氨唑草酮在不同温度和不同pH值缓冲溶液中的水解特性、在不同环境介质中的挥发特性,以及在2种水-沉积物系统中的降解特性。结果表明:氨唑草酮在25 ℃时,在pH值为4或7的缓冲液中水解半衰期均长于365 d,在pH值为9的缓冲液中水解半衰期为90.0 d,属于难水解至中等水解农药。在20~25 ℃、气体流速500 mL·min^-1的条件下,氨唑草酮在空气、水和土壤中的挥发率均小于1%,属于难挥发农药。氨唑草酮在湖泊(杭州西湖)水-沉积物系统和河流(京杭大运河)水-沉积物系统中的降解符合一级动力学方程,好氧降解半衰期分别为408 d和630 d,厌氧降解半衰期分别为248 d和990 d,在水-沉积物系统中属于难降解农药。     

Lessons from the past: the collapse of Jamaican coral reefs

Since Pre-Columbian times, humans have exploited Jamaican marine ecosystems with significant consequences for flora and fauna. This study focuses on the history of reef fish exploitation in Jamaica, from first human occupation to the present day, to determine how past fishing activities contributed to subsequent declines in the coral reef ecosystem. The pattern of declining reef fish populations was nonlinear. Reef fish first declined in prehistoric times but then potentially recovered, following genocide of the native human population. Reduced fishing pressure lasted until the mid-19th century. At that time, depletion of reef fish populations again occurred with a precipitous decline from the 1850s to the 1940s. The final shift from relatively abundant to overfished marine fauna corresponded to subtle changes in fish trap design as well as development of recreational fishing. Government subsidies throughout the second half of the 20th century exacerbated the declines. This analysis shows that local artisanal fisheries with relatively low levels of effort and seemingly subtle shifts in technology can significantly impact the coral reef ecosystem and that declines occurred decades to centuries before modern ecological studies began. This research shows how historical analysis can be a powerful tool to minimize shifted baselines and establish realistic targets for recovery and sustainable management of marine ecosystems.     

基于生命周期评价的现代"草-羊-田"农牧循环系统调控

现代循环农业是实现农业绿色发展、推进乡村全面振兴的重要途径。但以农户经验构建而成的传统循环农业系统多缺乏精确的数据支持与参数匹配,使得系统的高效循环运行面临挑战。因此,本研究在数据采集与跟踪调研的基础上,采用生命周期评价对现代"草-羊-田"农牧循环系统进行实证研究,通过特征化、标准化与加权评估分析不同类别潜在环境影响,并计算系统模拟调控前后污染降级所需环境服务能。结果表明,饲料加工与湖羊养殖亚系统所产生的各类潜在环境影响都超过了其类别总影响的85%,远高于粮食种植和有机堆肥亚系统的;人体毒性和水体生态毒性在各亚系统中所产生的环境影响都较大,而陆地生态毒性的均最小。为实现污染降级每年所需空气、水体和土壤的环境服务能分别为7.42×1010、6.03×1016和1.59×1012J;通过耦合参数协调和关键技术优化对系统进行模拟调控,经测算与原系统相比每年所需各项环境服务能分别降低52%、44%和21%。该研究基于生命周期评价形成的适用于现代"草-羊-田"农牧循环系统并指导其整体调控的方法体系,对现代农牧循环系统的可持续发展与复制推广具有指导意义,同时可为其他现代循环农业系统的优化调整提供方法参考。     

复合菌剂对玉米秸秆的降解及土壤生态特性的影响

还田玉米秸秆降解过程中施加含有植物内生真菌的复合菌剂,在盆栽条件下研究了该菌剂对还田秸秆的降解作用,对土壤生态以及后季作物小麦生长的影响。结果表明:添加复合菌剂能够促进玉米秸秆的降解,在前30 d时效果最显著,尤其是木质素的降解,两种复合菌剂处理组木质素降解率分别比市购秸秆腐熟剂高117.36%和242.70%;施用菌剂会显著增加小麦生长早期土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和纤维素酶的活性,增加小麦生长早期土壤微生物数量;改善土壤理化性质,提高小麦成熟后土壤中的全氮、全钾、碱解氮和速效钾的含量;显著改善小麦生长状况,小麦返青拔节期叶片叶绿素含量显著增加,收获小麦单株生物量和单株产量也有所增加。