不同类型水稻品种的产量构成因素与产量的关系(英文)

[目的]研究不同类型水稻品种产量构成因素与产量的关系,为水稻高产栽培提供理论依据。[方法]以在四川成都地区应用较多的超级稻品种和非超级稻品种为试验材料,研究不同类型品种连续 3 年(2006~2008 年)在高产栽培条件下的产量表现,分析其产量构成因素与产量的关系。[结果]水稻的产量与穗数、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重关系密切,对于不同的品种类型,4个因素对产量的影响存在差异。在10.5~11.25 t/hm2的产量目标下,通过中小苗三角形条栽模式研究结果显示超级稻的产量与穗数、千粒重关系密切,同时,与穗粒数呈负相关,与结实率呈显著负相关。非超级稻品种的产量与穗数、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重均呈负相关关系,且与穗数、千粒重呈显著负相关。[结论]该研究明确了不同类型水稻品种的产量构成因素与产量的关系,为合理制订高产栽培措施、充分发挥超级稻的产量潜力、实现水稻大面积稳产高产奠定了基础。     

宁夏杂交粳稻品质性状杂种优势及亲本配合力分析

利用6个粳稻BT型不育系和6个粳型恢复系,按NCⅡ交配设计分析杂交粳稻8个品质性状的配合力和杂种优势.结果表明:变异系数最大的是垩白率,最小的是糙米率;各性状的优势有正有负,平均优势最大的是垩白率,竞争优势最大的是垩白面积,相对优势最大的是糙米率;精米率、垩白率、透明度主要受不育系一般配合力的影响,糙米率、整精米率、垩白面积主要受恢复系一般配合力的影响,亲本问特殊配合力对垩白率、垩白面积、整精米率的影响也较大.亲本489A、216A、1229碾米品质和外观品质的一般配合力相对效应值较高,在粒形上489A、552A、中作59A、2002FR11、1229、98FR2的一般配合力相对效应值较高.     

杉木主要生长、材质性状遗传分析及家系选择

对 19年生杉木 8× 8半双列杂交试验林的树高、胸径、材积和木材基本密度这 4个主要生长和材质性状进行了测定和遗传分析 ,并采用指数选择法进行全同胞家系选择。结果表明 :4个主要生长和材质性状的一般配合力方差达极显著水平 ,且一般配合力方差分量占遗传方差的 75 %以上 ,即各性状的遗传控制方式均是基因加性效应起主要作用。 4个性状的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力分别为9.97%　 4 1.4 9%和 8.4 8%　 34.2 0 %。 3个生长性状之间遗传相关均为密切正相关 ,3个生长性状与木材密度之间则均为弱度遗传负相关。亲本连 5和高 37在 3个生长性状中表现出较高的一般配合力效应值 ,龙 5和龙 1在木材密度性状上表现出较高的一般配合力效应值。采用材积和木材密度两个性状 ,根据约束指数选择出 6个全同胞优良家系 ,它们在木材密度基本保持试验群体平均水平的情况下 ,材积比试验群体平均值大 2 2 .97%。     

山西普通菜豆初级核心种质农艺性状遗传多样性研究

本研究通过对152份山西省普通菜豆初级核心种质进行农艺性状鉴定及农艺性状多样性分析,旨在明确山西省普通菜豆种质资源的主要类型,各类型及性状的主要农艺性状特征及多样性特点。通过在田间进行农艺性状鉴定,同时利用表型数据,采用聚类分析、多样性分析和主成分分析法,确定了山西省普通菜豆种质资源的主要类型,各类型和各性状的农艺性状特征和多样性特点以及24个表型性状所属的主成分。结果表明山西普通菜豆初级核心种质可划分为5种类型。从各分组多样性来看,半蔓+蔓生-紫茎紫花型和蔓生-籽粒斑纹型多样性指数I最高,而直立型资源多样性指数I最低,从各性状多样性来看,质量性状多样性总体低于数量性状,但粒色则表现出明显丰富的多样性。通过主成分分析,将普通菜豆23个农艺性状归属为7个主成分,初步明确了各主成分代表的农艺性状;通过上述研究,明确了山西普通菜豆主要类型、多样性特征和各主成分代表的主要农艺性状,可为资源鉴定评价提供综合性状指标。     

QTL Mapping of Important Agronomic Traits on Chromosomes Showing Marker Segregation Distortion in Interspecific Backcross Cotton Populations

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to map QTLs for yield, maturity, and fiber quality traits of cotton interspecific hybrid populations and to mine favorable alleles from the cotton genome for QTL fine mapping, gene cloning, and molecular marker-assisted selection. [Method] Four BC₁F₁ populations, E(E3), E(3E), (E3)E, and (3E)E, were developed by crossing sea island cotton 3-79 ("3") and upland cotton 'Emian 22' ("E"), and with "Emian 22" as the recurrent parent. BC1F2 populations derived from BC1F1 populations were phenotyped to allow mapping of QTLs for yield-, maturity-, and fiber quality-related traits on chromosomes showing segregation distortion. [Result] A normal distribution test indicated that six fiber quality-related traits, except for the micronaire value in E (E3) and the short fiber ratio in all populations, followed a normal distribution pattern; in contrast, earliness-related traits were not normally distributed in all populations, which suggests that genotype-environment interactions have strong effects on maturity-related traits. Using composite interval mapping, 47 QTLs were detected on three chromosomes (2, 16, and 18): 15 in (E3)E, 13 in (3E)E, 12 in E(E3), and 7 in E(3E), with the phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranging from 8.8%–30.9%. A total of 27 fiber-related QTLs were discovered, with the PVE ranging from 9.0%–30.9%. Five yield-related QTLs (PVE = 8.8%–17.4%) and 13 maturity-related QTLs (PVE = 9.4%–19.4%) were also identified. [Conclusion] Comparison analysis showed that most QTLs in our study were consistent with the MetaQTL, including QTLs for boll weight, fiber length, fiber length uniformity, lint percentage, and micronaire value on chromosome 2; QTLs for fiber length, fiber strength, and fiber length uniformity on chromosome 16; and QTLs for boll weight, date of boll opening, fiber length, fiber strength, fiber length uniformity, and micronaire value on chromosome 18. Several detected QTLs in our study were not found in the MetaQTL, such as QTLs for date of boll opening and lint percentage on chromosome 16 and a QTL for the date from seedling to flowering stages on chromosome 18. These newly identified QTLs may provide novel insights for cotton QTL analysis.     

超低温对降香种子遗传变异和生理特性的影响

采用单因素随机区组试验方案探究降香种子玻璃化超低温保存最适条件,结合显微切片观察和生理生化特性检测对冷冻后细胞形态和生理生化指标变化进行分析,同时运用形态观察法和相关序列扩增多态性（SRAP）分子标记法对超低温保存后的降香植株遗传稳定性进行检测。结果表明：降香种子玻璃化超低温保存最佳条件为：室温（25 ℃）装载 25 min,0 ℃ 玻璃化脱水 30 min,40 ℃水浴解冻 5 min。对比检测不同冷冻时间的降香种子超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、α-淀粉酶、脱氢酶活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量以及电导率等生理生化指标,无明显差异。显微观察超低温保存前后的降香种胚内部结构,未见明显变化。超低温保存后的降香种子发芽时,出现短暂的生长停滞期,恢复培养后,其表观形态指标与对照植株无明显差异。SRAP技术分析了超低温冷冻前后的降香再生植株,其 SRAP 带型基本一致,未见明显差异带型。综上表明,超低温保存降香种子是长期稳定、安全可靠的。     

Relationships among the chalkiness,kernel size and endosperm cell morphology of rice kernels at different spikelet positions within a panicle

The occurrence of chalky kernels in rice is causally related to kernel size and endosperm morphology. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of chalky kernels by analyzing kernel size, and the number and area of endosperm cells. Spikelets were sampled from upper and middle primary branches and lower secondary branches in a panicle, and divided into four categories: upper, middle, and lower perfect (PF) kernels and lower milky-white (MW) kernels. On the lower secondary branches, there was a higher percentage of chalky kernels, with smaller kernel lengths, widths and thicknesses, than the kernels on the upper and middle primary branches. MW kernels were smaller in size than PF kernels even on the same lower secondary branches. Regardless of grain appearance quality traits, the total areas of endosperm cross sections in lower kernels were significantly smaller than in upper kernels owing to the decreased cell area, and there was a significant negative correlation between the number of cells and average cell area. When the numbers and the areas of cells were analyzed using angular 30° intervals from the line connecting the center point and the dorsal vascular bundle, the MW kernels had significantly less cells than PF kernels near the ventral side at 120–180°. Thus, the decrease in the number of cells near the ventral side was a main causal factor in the decrease in MW kernel widths compared with PF kernel widths, and this suggested that cell division in MW kernels was inhibited at the early grain-filling stage.     

海岛棉早熟和产量性状的典型相关及通径分析

为明确海岛棉产量性状与早熟性状之间的相互关系,以海岛棉品种新海3号和吉扎82为亲本构建的181个F_2:3家系为材料,测定其产量性状和早熟性状,并利用统计软件进行典型相关和通径分析。结果表明:各性状指标均符合正态分布,表明产量和早熟性状都是由微效多基因控制,呈现数量性状的遗传特点;产量性状组的典型变量U₁与早熟性状组的典型变量V₁的相关系数为0.548,达极显著水平;早熟性状的典型变量主要由生育期决定,产量性状的典型变量主要由单株皮棉产量决定;早熟性状对单株皮棉产量的通径分析中,直接通径系数均为正值,表明5个早熟性状对单株皮棉产量均有直接的正向作用,说明早熟性状达到最优化时可以提高产量;从净效应值可知,对单株皮棉产量的正向效应大小依次是苗蕾期、果枝始节和生育期。     

不同区域对谷子农艺性状的影响

为明确两个谷子品种的高产优势区,并探讨如何通过光温获得目标性状,本研究以山西7个典型地域:山西五台县(A1)、山西定襄县(A2)、山西平定县(A3)、山西省农科院高粱所(山西晋中市,A4)、山西省农科院经济作物所(山西汾阳市,A5)、山西省农科院谷子所(山西长治市,A6)和山西高平市(A7)为试验地点,以农大8号和长农35号为材料,对农艺性状进行研究分析。结果表明,不同地域显著影响谷子生育期、主茎高、留苗密度和穗粒重以及产量。品种差异是造成千粒重与穗长的主要因素。农大8号生育期显著小于长农35。由于谷子的分蘖能力可以随环境而自我调节,使得不同地域谷子穗数差异不显著,也使得不同地域谷子穗数与留苗密度的相关性不明显。本试验中穗重与穗粒重是构成产量的主要因素。农大8号的穗粒重与主茎高对地域反应很敏感且跟纬度呈正相关关系。在产量、千粒重、穗数与穗长方面农大8号在7个地域均表现适应,且综合评价结果明显好于对照品种,而长农35号的穗长在山西五台县表现最好,长农35在主茎高方面综合评价优于农大8号。除主茎高方面外,农大8号的抗逆性高于长农35号。在栽培过程中可以通过对光温的控制与调节来协调各因素以调整谷子农艺性状。     

18个茶树菇菌株的亲缘关系分析及农艺性状评价

为获得不同来源茶树菇的亲缘关系并筛选适合工厂化生产综合农艺性状较优菌株,以18株(4株野生菌株、7株栽培菌株、5株经钴60辐照诱变菌株和2株搭载神州十号的航天飞船诱变菌株)茶树菇菌株为试验材料,采用分子标记ISSR、拮抗和同工酶技术进行菌株分型和亲缘关系分析;通过分析菌盖厚度和直径、菌柄长度和直径、生育期、产量,对18...