生物质外热式连续炭化炉的设计及可行性分析

化石能源日益枯竭的今天,利用生物质能替代传统能源研究成为研究的焦点,新疆棉秆资源丰富,合理利用生物质资源具有很大的意义。为此,以棉秆为实验样本,分析现有炭化工艺,依照节能环保的原则,设计了一种生物质外热式连续炭化炉,并介绍了炭化炉的整体结构设计,详细说明了其主要部件的设计方案及参数选择。同时,对所设计的炭化炉进行热平衡计算,得出炭化反应产生的天然气完全燃烧的热值为727MJ,炭化室热损耗为501.23MJ;理论验证了该炭化炉结构合理、制作工艺简易、操作方便、性能可靠,具有较好的市场前景。     

“增减挂钩”占补耕地数量质量综合平衡模型研究与应用

[目的]综合土地利用条件对耕地质量的影响,科学评判"增减挂钩"项目占补耕地数量质量综合平衡情况,为科学推进"增减挂钩"占补平衡工作提供技术支撑。[方法]以四川省都江堰市为研究区,借鉴已有耕地质量评价相关成果,模拟"增减挂钩"项目,利用新构建的占补耕地数量质量综合平衡关系模型和可实现性预判模型,综合评估了项目耕地占补平衡情况。[结果]研究区占补耕地数量质量综合平衡判别值(K)为-11.82%,表明模拟项目未实现占补耕地数量质量综合平衡;而占补耕地数量质量综合平衡可实现性预判值(Q)为1.42,说明模拟项目补充耕地数量质量具有达到占用耕地数量质量综合水平的潜力。[结论]新构建的模型能够实现对"增减挂钩"项目占补耕地数量质量综合平衡情况和可提升潜力的快速分析和判别。     

重庆长寿湖富营养化评价及氮磷平衡研究

利用营养状态卡森指数和综合营养状态指数评价长寿湖富营养状况,结果表明各监测点均达到富营养化水平。长寿湖富营养化主要影响因子氮磷的输入输出研究结果为:氮输入总量7914 6t/a ,主要来源为上游来水,占总量约70 % ;磷输入总量5 91 84t/a ,主要来源为农田径流,占总量约4 7% ;氮磷输出量分别为2 4 19 5t/a和12 0 2t/a,截留率分别为6 9 4 %和79 7%。结合该地的实际情况,指出了防止湖泊富营养化加重,当务之急为控制龙溪河上游水源污染物入湖负荷     

集水技术与林木生长的土壤水环境研究

该文依据多种集水技术条件下的降雨径流观测资料和林地不同空间位置上定期土壤水分观测资料，分析了在半干旱黄土地区集水造林技术与土壤水环境的关系，林木对水分的利用状况及林地水量平衡。结果表明：集水技术不仅改善了土壤水环境，而且提高了林木对降水的利用率。     

一个用于分析土地覆被变化对径流机制影响的分布式月水量平衡模型

The Miyun Reservoir is the most important water source for Beijing Municipality, the capital of China with a population of more than 12 million. In recent decades, the inflow to the reservoir has shown a decreasing trend, which has seriously threatened water use in Beijing. In order to analyze the influents of land use and cover change （LUCC） upon inflow to Miyun Reservoir, terrain and land use information from remote sensing were utilized with a revised evapotranspiration estimation formula; a water loss model under conditions of human impacts was introduced; and a distributed monthly water balance model was established and applied to the Chaobai River Basin controlled by the Miyun Reservoir. The model simulation suggested that not only the impact of land cover change on evapotranspiration, but also the extra water loss caused by human activities, such as the water and soil conservation development projects should be considered. Although these development projects were of great benefit to human and ecological protection, they could reallocate water resources in time and space, and in a sense thereby influence the stream flow.     

Tillage effects on plant extractable soil water in a silty clay vertisol in Southern Italy

This paper describes how the CERES-Wheat simulation model can be used to estimate tillage effects on soil water regimes of a silty clay soil in Foggia, Southern Italy. The four tillage treatments compared are traditional mouldboard ploughing, ripper subsoiling, surface disc-harrowing and minimum tillage with rotary hoeing under continuous durum wheat cropping. For each tillage treatment the CERES-Wheat model was used to calculate the water balance for several layers in the root zone.

The water balance routine of the model estimates the water content within saturation and the lower limit at any time. Inputs required by the model are some basic information about the site, weather, genetic parameters and management practices as well as some soil properties, such as albedo, bulk density, organic matter and N contents. The model was calibrated by estimating the genetic parameters for the minimum tillage treatment in the season 1984–1985. The same set of parameters was used for the subsequent validation procedure. Statistical tests proved that the match between measured and simulated soil water content values was quite good. The simulation results also showed some differences among different tillage treatments. The model predicted the lowest plant extractable soil water values and a different water content distribution along the soil profile of the ripper subsoiling in comparison with the other tillage treatments. The soil water content was lower until 20–40 cm depth and higher at 40–60 cm depth in the ripper treatment as compared with the others. In deeper layers differences became non-significant. This might be due to the cracks produced by the ripper through which rainfall infiltrated in deep layers.     

宁夏银南灌区排水现状分析及计算

作为灌溉农业的一项保障措施，农田排水在维持田间水盐平衡的同时，也向下游输送了大量可能成为地表水污染源的物质。位于黄河上游的宁夏银南灌区由于历史原因形成的“大引大排”积习，每年将过量的农田排水排入黄河，成为下游水质污染源，同时也浪费了宝贵的水资源。该文针对宁夏银南灌区过量排水问题，对灌区排水现状进行了详细的分析和计算。结果表明，在现有灌排制度下，生长期内水田的农沟排水量约56 cm，占地下排水总量的58%；旱田的农沟排水量较少，只有1.0 cm，占地下排水总量的4%。建议在水田农沟上加筑控制性建筑物，如堰等，对排水量进行控制，达到节约灌溉用水和减少农田排水对下游河道污染的目的。     

Consequences of sodium exclusion for the osmotic potential in the rhizosphere – Comparison of two maize cultivars differing in Na+ uptake

According to the biphasic model of growth response to salinity, growth is first reduced by a decrease in the soil osmotic potential (Ψ_o), i.e., growth reduction is an effect of salt outside rather than inside the plant, and genotypes differing in salt resistance respond identically in this first phase. However, if genotypes differ in Na⁺ uptake as it has been described for the two maize cultivars Pioneer 3906 and Across 8023, this should result in differences in Na⁺ concentrations in the rhizosphere soil solution and thus in the concentration of salt outside the plant. It was the aim of the present investigation to test this hypothesis and to investigate the effect of such potential differences in soil Ψ_o caused by Na⁺ exclusion on plant water relations. Sodium exclusion at the root surface of intact plants growing in soil was investigated by sampling soil solution from the rhizosphere of two maize cultivars (Across 8023, Pioneer 3906). Plants were grown in a model system, consisting of a root compartment separated from the bulk soil compartment by a nylon net (30 μm mesh size), which enabled independent measurements of the change of soil solution composition and soil water content with increasing distance from the root surface (nylon net). Across 8023 accumulated higher amounts of sodium in the shoot compared to the excluder (Pioneer 3906). The lower Na⁺ uptake in the excluder was partly compensated by higher K⁺ uptake. Pioneer 3906 not only excluded sodium from the shoot but also restricted sodium uptake more efficiently from roots relative to Across 8023. This was reflected by higher Na⁺ concentrations in the rhizosphere soil solution of the excluder 34 days after planting (DAP). The difference in Na⁺ concentration in rhizosphere soil solution between cultivars was neither due to differences in transpiration and thus in mass flow, nor due to differences in actual soil water content. As the lower Na⁺ uptake of the excluder (Pioneer 3906) was only partly compensated by increased uptake of K⁺, soil Ψ_o in the rhizosphere of the excluder was more negative compared to Across 8023. However, no significant negative effect of decreased soil Ψ_o on plant water relations (transpiration rate, leaf Ψ_o, leaf water potential, leaf area) could be detected. This may be explained by the fact that significant differences in soil Ψ_o between the two cultivars occurred only towards the end of the experiment (27 DAP, 34 DAP).     

Critical aspects of potassium management in agricultural systems

Abstract. Fertilizer and manure application rate and timing are often based on the optimal nitrogen rate and not on potassium (K) requirements. This can lead to excess or shortage of K depending on the crop and rotation. In grass‐dominated agricultural production, including many organic farming systems, K has become a critical element, especially in areas dominated by coarse‐textured or organic soils. In this paper we review K management in relation to long‐term sustainability of both the soil resource and the production of crops of high yield and quality. One question for the future is whether we can adopt management options that favour efficient use of K and secure a sustainable future for global K reserves. For example, is it possible to enhance the release rate of K from soil mineral sources so that we require less fertilizer K from K‐bearing salt deposits? A reduction in external K inputs requires improved on‐farm recycling of K in order to reduce losses. We also need a better understanding of soil processes and soil–plant interactions and decision‐support tools to predict the potential K release from mineral weathering. Certain areas dominated by young, clay‐rich soils can potentially supply enough K, whereas other areas with coarse sandy or organic soils have a very low weathering potential and would thus need external inputs of K.     

Conflict Analysis Method in Water Resources Control and Distribution on Heihe River

Coordinating distribution of water resources of a river across more than one administrative regions is a critic issue connected with rational resource development and environment conservation among different administrative bodies and finally with the resolving problems about water resources distribution among them . By the quantitative analysis and based on META-game theory, this paper has analyzed the conflicts over water distribution among several administrative bodies within the Heihe river basin, and established mathematic models to obtain reasonable recommendation that might benefit and be acceptable to each part in the conflicts in order to end the long time dispute over water distribution in these regions.