D-精氨酸对渗透胁迫下水稻幼苗多胺含量和抗旱性的影响

摘要：以 ‘湘早籼32号’和 ‘旱116’为材料,研究渗透胁迫下外源D-Arg对水稻幼苗多胺含量和抗旱性的影响。结果表明,渗透胁迫下,外源D-Arg明显抑制水稻幼苗相对干重增长率和根系中Put、Spd和Spm含量的升高,而对株高相对增长率影响不明显。外源D-Arg+Put明显促进幼苗相对干重增长率和根系中Put、Spd和Spm含量的升高,且促进株高相对增长率的增加。表明,外源D-Arg不利于水稻幼苗抗旱性的提高,且Put能逆转D-Arg的抑制效应。     

VA菌根对黄檗幼苗抗性生理指标的影响

通过盆栽接种试验,研究VA菌根对黄檗（Phellodendron amurense）1年生实生苗的抗性生理指标的影响。结果表明,VA菌根可明显提高黄檗幼苗的抗性指标。可溶性糖含量随着侵染率的增加而增大,并能促进黄檗叶片中可溶性糖向根系中转移,游离脯氨酸和MDA含量逐渐降低,呼吸酶活性和保护酶活性增强。接种Glomus diaphanum的苗木可溶性糖,游离脯氨酸、CAT活性及POD活性变化最为明显,叶片可溶性糖含量为0.5736%,叶片脯氨酸含量为16.27 μg/g,叶片CAT活性为0.3186 mg/(g?min),叶片POD活性为258.32 u/(g?min)。接种G. mosseae对黄檗苗木MDA含量、呼吸酶活性及SOD活性影响最大,叶片MDA含量为0.0119 μmol/g,叶片抗坏血酸氧化酶活性为0.2714 mg/(g?min),叶片多酚氧化酶活性为0.3487 mg/(g?min),叶片SOD活性为274.18 u/(g?FW)。     

河北省耕地占补平衡折算信息系统设计——基于Visual Basic

通过对河北省耕地占补平衡的研究,建立了不同质量耕地的折算关系,但是折算方法复杂,并且纯手工以纸质为媒介的耕地占补折算工作要求操作人员有一定的专业知识,给耕地占补折算工作的推行和土地管理工作造成诸多不便.为此,通过系统分析的方法,遵循不同质量耕地的折算关系和折算方法,对河北省分等数据与方法进行分析筛选建立数据库,利用SQL Server和Visual Basic等工具实现系统的建立,并通过对河北省耕地占补平衡信息系统的结构和流程分析,提出系统建设的技术路线.     

Application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to predict the impact of alternative management practices on water quality and quantity

Alternative land management practices such as conservation or no-tillage, contour farming, terraces, and buffer strips are increasingly used to reduce nonpoint source and water pollution resulting from agricultural activities. Models are useful tools to investigate effects of such management practice alternatives on the watershed level. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the sensitivity of such models to parameters used to represent these conservation practices. Knowledge about the sensitivity to these parameters would help models better simulate the effects of land management. Hence, this paper presents in the first step a sensitivity analysis for conservation management parameters (specifically tillage depth, mechanical soil mixing efficiency, biological soil mixing efficiency, curve number, Manning's roughness coefficient for overland flow, USLE support practice factor, and filter strip width) in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). With this analysis we aimed to improve model parameterisation and calibration efficiency. In contrast to less sensitive parameters such as tillage depth and mixing efficiency we parameterised sensitive parameters such as curve number values in detail.In the second step the analysis consisted of varying management practices (conventional tillage, conservation tillage, and no-tillage) for different crops (spring barley, winter barley, and sugar beet) and varying operation dates. Results showed that the model is very sensitive to applied crop rotations and in some cases even to small variations of management practices. But the different settings do not have the same sensitivity. Duration of vegetation period and soil cover over time was most sensitive followed by soil cover characteristics of applied crops.     

水杨酸对渗透胁迫下玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

分别采用不同浓度的甘露醇和水杨酸处理玉米种子。结果表明:水杨酸处理对玉米种子的发芽率以及苗高、根长、根数、苗鲜重、根鲜重及根冠比都得到提高,说明水杨酸对玉米种子发芽和幼苗生长的有促进作用,可以在一定程度上解除渗透胁迫。     

The drought response of landraces of wheat from the northern Negev Desert in Israel

Summary Diverse landraces of wheat, collected from the semi-arid (150 to 250 mm of total annual rainfall) Northern Negev desert in Israel were considered as a potential genetic resource of drought resistance for wheat breeding. These materials were therefore evaluated for their reponses to drought stress in agronomical and physiological terms. Up to 68 landraces, comprising of Triticum durum, T. aestivum, and T. compactum were tested in two field drought environments, in one favourable field environment, under post-anthesis chemical plant desiccation which revealed the capacity for grain filling from mobilized stem reserves, under a controlled drought stress in a rainout shelter and in the growth chamber under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress. Biomass, grain yield and its components, harvest index, plant phenology, canopy temperatures, kernel weight loss by chemical plant desiccation, growth reduction by PEG-induced drought stress and osmotic adjustment were evaluated in the various experiments.Landraces varied significantly for all parameters of drought response as measured in the different experiments, which was in accordance to their documented large morphological diversity. Variation in grain yield among landraces under an increasing drought stress after tillering was largely affected by spike number per unit area. Kernel weight contributed very little to yield variation among landraces under stress, probably because these tall (average of 131 cm) landraces generally excelled in their capacity to support kernel growth by stem reserve mobilization under stress. Yield under stress was reduced with a longer growth duration of landraces only under early planting but not under late planting. Landraces were generally late flowering but they were still considered well adapted phenologically to their native region where they were always planted late.Landraces differed significantly in canopy temperature under drought stress. Canopy temperature under stress in the rainout shelter was negatively correlated across landraces with grain yield (r=0.67^**) and biomass (r=0.64^**) under stress. Canopy temperature under stress in the rainout shelter was also positively correlated across landraces (r=0.50^**) with canopy temperature in one stress field environment. Osmotic adjustment in PEG-stressed plants was negatively correlated (r=–0.60^**) with percent growth reduction by PEG-induced water stress. It was not correlated with yield under stress in any of the experiments. In terms of yield under stress, canopy temperatures and stem reserve utilization for grain filling, the most drought resistant landrace was the Juljuli population of T.durum.     

不同水肥条件下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统碳平衡研究

农田生态系统碳平衡取决于农作物固定碳量和土壤异养呼吸排放碳量。为揭示水肥用量对农田生态系统碳平衡的综合影响,设置3个灌水水平：高水、中水和低水（W1、W0.85、W0.7夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63mm,冬小麦季分别为140、119、98mm）,4个施氮水平：高氮、中氮、低氮和不施氮（N1、N0.85、N0.7、N0夏玉米季分别为300、255、210、0kg/hm2,冬小麦季分别为210、178.5、147、0kg/hm2）,4个施磷水平：高磷、中磷、低磷和不施磷（P1、P0.85、P0.7和P0夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63、0kg/hm2,冬小麦季分别为150、127.5、105、0kg/hm2）进行了田间试验。结果表明：不同水肥处理下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统表现为碳汇,夏玉米季净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）为6805~7233kg/hm2,冬小麦季CNEP为5842~6434kg/hm2,夏玉米CNEP高于冬小麦。在高、中、低肥水平下,增加灌水量,夏玉米/冬小麦周年净初级生产力固碳量（CNPP）提高2.48%~5.96%,土壤微生物异养呼吸碳释放量（CRm）增加2.15%~15.20%,净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）增加1.16%~6.47%。在高、中、低供水水平下,增加施肥量,夏玉米/冬小麦周年CNPP增加2.95%~3.43%,土壤CRm增加5.23%~18.67%,CNEP增加0.93%~2.79%,CNEP增加比例与供水水平呈负相关。在低水条件下,氮磷肥配施处理夏玉米/冬小麦农田周年CNEP较单施氮、磷肥分别增加4.86%、7.34%,且氮磷肥交互作用显著（P<0.05）,水肥供应水平相差15%时对冬小麦农田CNEP有显著的正交互作用。氮磷肥配施、水肥协调供应均有助于促进夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统的净碳输入,在节水节肥原则下,夏玉米和冬小麦分别在W0.85N0.85P0.85和W0.7N0.85P0.85水肥供应条件下有利于增加农田CNEP。     

基于SD变化环境下农业水资源供需平衡模拟

为了探讨变化环境对农业水资源供需平衡的影响,运用系统动力学软件Vensim-Dss建立了农业水资源供需平衡的系统动力学模型,综合考虑社会经济发展和气候变化情景,仿真模拟了变化环境下农业供、需水量及缺水量的变化情况.石羊河流域模拟结果表明:未来农业供水量和需水量受气候变化的影响程度不同,但 2033年以后,农业供水量在不同气候变化情景下的变化趋势相同;不同行政区农业水资源系统对气候变化的响应存在明显差异,金昌市A2气候情境缺水率大于B2情景,在2029年、2038年缺水率分别达到32.0%,28.6%, B2情境下,2021年开始出现轻度缺水,中度缺水年仅出现在2023年和2039年,缺水率分别为30.7%,30.5%;武威市A2气候情境下缺水率小于B2情景,仅2038年为中度缺水,缺水率为24.9%,B2气候情景中度缺水年较多,2023年缺水率最大,达到33.2%.研究结果可以对变化环境下区域用水规划和农业发展规划提供指导.     

水泵水轮机泵工况轴向力特性分析与改善

水泵水轮机是抽水蓄能电站的核心部件,水泵水轮机的轴向力特性对其运行稳定性与安全性具有主要影响。作为一种典型的立式机组,为防止抬机事故的发生,机组转轮部分需要具有向下的轴向力,但在泵工况下,该轴向力容易过大,并可能引起机组下沉。采用计算流体动力学方法,研究分析抽水蓄能水泵水轮机泵工况不同流量与活动导叶开度下的轴向力特性。研究结果表明,在泵小流量、小导叶开度、高扬程的工况下,向下的轴向力较大;采用对称布置的均压管路连接转轮上冠腔体与尾水管,轴向力变为轻微向上,扬程与水力效率无显著变化,有效解决了机组泵工况向下轴向力较大的问题,机组运行的安全性与稳定性得到了显著提高。     

Comparing theoretical irrigation requirement and actual irrigation for citrus in Florida

Florida ranks first in citrus production, with nearly 68% of all U.S. citrus growing in the season 2005-2006. Most of the citrus groves are located from central to south Florida, and agricultural irrigation permitting is regulated by three of Florida's five water management districts. Most of the permitting for citrus production in Highlands, Polk and Hillsborough counties is conducted by the Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD), and quantities are based on the District's AGMOD computer program. In 2003, the SWFWMD implemented new permit criteria so that permitted amounts were more representative of actual water use. This paper compares grower reported citrus irrigation water use in Highlands, Polk and Hillsborough counties from 1994 through 2005 with permitted and theoretical irrigation requirements calculated by a daily water balance. Two different sets of crop coefficients (K_c's) developed for citrus in Florida were compared in the daily soil water balance calculation of theoretical irrigation requirements. The percentage of irrigated area considered in this study ranged from 40 to 60% to simulate a range of grower practices. Meteorological data from two weather stations and additional rainfall information from 50 locations within the three counties was used in the water balance. Missing and error values in the meteorological historical record data were filled with weather generators. The multiannual average water consumption (including cold protection water use) from growers ranged from 243 (Hillsborough) to 406 mm (Highlands) and the multiannual average permitted irrigation requirement (without cold protection) ranged from 295 to 557 mm. The simulated gross irrigation requirements under different scenarios of location-K_c-wetted area were variable but mostly lower than the limits established by the district, except for some scenarios in Polk County, whose maximum simulated irrigation value reached 578 mm year⁻¹. In general, permitted limits recommended by the SWFWMD seem to be reasonable for the actual water use by growers in these counties.