图们江流域湿地空间格局变化与保护

图们江流域的自然环境较为复杂,湿地类型丰富,分布广泛。源头及上游以森林沼泽和灌丛沼泽为主,中游多为草本沼泽,下游到图们江口,湿地分布广泛,主要类型为天然和人工湖泊,草本沼泽。由于人为活动,湿地的空间分布格局发生较大的变化。为保护湿地的环境功能,必须加强湿地环境监测,合理调整湿地空间结构,保证湿地资源的可持续利用。     

麦长管蚜对小麦产量成分的影响与生态防控

麦长管蚜（荻草谷网蚜）是中国北方麦田发生范围最广、小麦灌浆期常年需要化学防治的蚜虫种类。麦长管蚜种群田间时空发生发展动态受地理区域、气象因素、天敌、农事操作、农田生物多样性、以及小麦品种抗蚜特异性及生长发育阶段等多种因素的影响。一般年份,麦长管蚜种群发展的时间动态是随春季小麦的生长发育和田间气温的回升,由拔节起身期的零星发生,到孕穗期的快速增长,抽穗后种群数量的急速增加,至灌浆中后期达到高峰,乳熟期急剧下降;空间分布型的动态变化则按随机-核心-聚集（嵌纹）-均匀-聚集（嵌纹）-消失的规律变动。小麦抽穗前受蚜虫为害主要影响穗粒数,但由于田间种群数量小,对产量影响不大;抽穗后蚜虫种群数量增加,主要影响千粒重。本研究提出了针对麦长管蚜的分段生态防控策略,依据麦蚜的为害特点、小麦发育阶段及品种抗/耐蚜特性制定动态防治指标,抽穗前生防为主,防治指标宜严,抽穗后化防为主,防治指标宜宽的建议。同时提出植保无人机结合人工智能自动寻查病虫害发生中心,实时“一喷三防”精准施药的设想。     

不同复种油菜-轮作模式对马铃薯耗水特征及产量的影响

为探讨马铃薯不同轮作系统复种饲用油菜对马铃薯耗水特征及产量的影响,2017年在长期大田定位试验基础上选取4个处理,即马铃薯连作（CK）、马铃薯-小麦复种油菜-马铃薯（WPRP）、马铃薯-豌豆复种油菜-马铃薯（PPRP）、小麦-豌豆复种油菜-马铃薯（WPPR）,研究不同复种轮作模式对马铃薯耗水特性、水分利用效率和产量的影响。结果表明：马铃薯块茎增长期到收获期,CK 160~200 cm土壤水分含量和播前无差异,而WPRP、PPRP、WPPR 0~200 cm土壤各层含水量均大于播前,其中,块茎增长期到淀粉积累期,各层土壤平均含水量分别提高了43.02%、38.58%、24.63%,淀粉积累期到收获期,分别提高36.47%、33.63%和21.43%; 120~200 cm土壤各层含水量表现为：WPRP＞PPRP＞WPPR＞CK。WPRP、PPRP、WPPR耗水深度和贮水量均大于CK,其中,块茎增长期到淀粉积累期,耗水深度较CK分别增加42.86%、42.86%、42.86%,土壤贮水量较CK分别增加10.36%、12.91%和8.49%;淀粉积累期到收获期,耗水深度较CK分别增加了25.00%、12.50%、12.50%,土壤贮水量分别增加了12.56%、6.78%和2.95%,且WPRP贮水量较CK显著提高12.56%。块茎形成期、块茎增长期和淀粉积累期,WPRP耗水量较CK分别减少了16.2%、25.2%和5.1%。WPRP、PPRP、WPPR较CK产量分别增加33.51%、40.05%、14.47%,WUE分别提高54.83%、52.32%、19.78%。综上,马铃薯轮作系统复种油菜增加了降雨入渗深度、土壤贮水量和耗水深度,降低了阶段性耗水量,提高了马铃薯产量和WUE。且马铃薯-小麦复种油菜-马铃薯为该地区较佳的轮作模式。     

集输管道油气水三相流型识别数值模拟

油气水三相介质具有的不同物理化学性质,使得其混合物在时间和空间上存在一个相态与分布均不确定的混合界面。采用多相流VOF模型研究了集输管道内油气水三相混输过程,并对其流型进行识别,通过研究初始含气率对流型的影响,得到工程实际中常见的泡状流和塞状流,进而分析了流速对泡状流中气泡分布的影响。结果表明：对于泡状流,气泡的分布与液体流速直接相关,流速越低,气泡的分布越不均匀;模拟结果与相关理论吻合较好,可为工程实际提供一定的理论指导。     

Heterosis and heterotic patterns of maize germplasm revealed by a multiple-hybrid population under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions

Understanding the heterosis in multiple environments between different heterotic groups is of fundamental importance in successful maize breeding. A total of 737 hybrids derived from 41 maize inbreds were evaluated over two years, with the aim of assessing the genetic diversity and their performance between heterotic groups under drought-stressed (DS) and well-watered (WW) treatments. A total of 38 737 SNPs were employed to assess the genetic diversity. The genetic distance (GD) between the parents ranged from 0.05 to 0.74, and the 41 inbreds were classified into five heterotic groups. According to the hybrid performance (high yield and early maturity between heterotic groups), the heterosis and heterotic patterns of Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS)×Non-Stiff Stalk (NSS), NSS×Sipingtou (SPT) and BSSS×SPT were identified to be useful options in China's maize breeding. The relative importance of general and specific combining abilities (GCA and SCA) suggests the importance of the additive genetic effects for grain yield traits under the WW treatment, but the non-additive effects under the DS treatment. At least one of the parental lines with drought tolerance and a high GCA effect would be required to achieve the ideal hybrid performance under drought conditions. GD showed a positive correlation with yield and yield heterosis in within-group hybrids over a certain range of GD. The present investigation suggests that the heterosis is due to the combined accumulation of superior genes/alleles in parents and the optimal genetic distance between parents, and that yield heterosis under DS treatment was mainly determined by the non-additive effects.     

延吉市湿地景观动态变化与生态安全评价研究

在3S技术的支持下,应用ArcGIS 9.3软件对延吉市1986、1996年的TM影像,2009年的ALOS影像3期影像进行解译分析,结合研究区自然生态环境特征,首次分析了23年间延吉市湿地的景观动态变化。并以此为基础,根据PSR概念模型,基于景观格局指数构建了延吉市湿地生态安全评价指标体系,并进行生态安全评价,综合评价结果为5.770左右,处于预警状态,急需加强对湿地的保护与管理。     

甜槠群落主要种群空间分布格局对人为干扰的响应

研究了不同人为干扰强度对甜槠天然群落中主要种群甜槠和赤楠的分布格局的变化动态.结果表明,人为干扰会使甜槠种群的聚集性加强,而赤楠种群的聚集性降低.干扰强度对甜槠聚集性的影响随树龄的增大而逐渐减小,而对赤楠聚集性的影响则是随林龄增大呈现由小→大→小的规律.     

不同覆盖方式对土壤环境和烤烟生长及产量的影响

为了对优质烤烟生产提供参考,以云烟85为试材,研究了田间稻草覆盖、地膜覆盖、先地膜后稻草覆盖、无覆盖4种不同覆盖方式对土壤环境和烤烟生长及产量的影响.结果表明,先地膜后稻草覆盖栽培方式在生长前期能提高地温,促进烟株早生快长,显著降低早花率;成熟期能降低地温,保持土壤水分和根系活力,延迟烟株衰老过程,有利于烟株中、上部叶...     

Influence of different land uses on soil nitrogen transformations after conversion from an Indian dry tropical forest

The effects of alternate land uses, such as grassland, cropland and mine spoil on mineral nitrogen (N), N-transformation rate and microbial biomass N (MBN) in dry tropical forest soils of India were studied. The mean annual mineral N in the forest, grassland, cropland and mine spoil ecosystems, respectively ranged from 15.24 to 19.58, 17.8 to 18.56, 16.49 to 19.85 and 10.52 to 13.44 µg g^− 1, net nitrification rate from 14.15 to 23.4, 10.11 to 11.38, 8.07 to 9.16, 10.52 to 13.44 µg g^− 1mo^− 1; net N-mineralization rate from 17.38 to 26.36, 13.99 to 15.41, 10.99 to 12.5, 5.43 to 7.68 µg g^− 1mo^− 1and and microbial biomass N from 41.25 to 58.87, 34.47 to 47.95, 27.88 to 30.43 and 22.95 to 25.26 µg g^− 1, respectively. The values were within the range reported by previous studies in different tropical environments. The mean annual net nitrification rates declined after conversion into grassland, cropland and mine spoil by 43, 54 and 78%, respectively, net N mineralization by 33, 46 and 70%, and microbial biomass N by 29%, 42% and 52%, respectively.The MBN was positively related to root biomass and total plant biomass, while microbial-N and inorganic N are reciprocally, while nitrification and N-mineralization are directly related to seasonal soil moisture and temperature. The microbial biomass N, nitrification and N-mineralization are negatively related to smaller fraction (< 0.1 mm) of the soil. Above- and below-ground biomass also have had their impact on microbial biomass N, and thereby N-mineralization. Thus, in dry tropical forests, land-use change affects remarkably the nitrogen transformation process in soil.     

木荷马尾松混交林生物量与生产力的研究

通过对木荷马尾松不同混交比例的林分生物量，蓄积量，生长状况和空间利用方面的对比研究，结果表明：一定的密度下，选择适宜的混交比例能显提高林分生产力及空间利用率，当密度为3150株／hm2时，混交比例为1：1有7年生林分生物量最大达m/82.90t.hm^-2，蓄积量最大为V／24．73m^3.hm^-2，叶生物量m/14.27t.hm^-2，林分生长状况良好，该处理林分，空间利用率高，生物量或蓄积量比其它模式提高30－80％，显提高了经济效益和生态效益，可供生产经营参考。