壳寡糖浸种对低温下江西铅山红芽芋脱毒试管芋萌发及生理代谢的影响

江西铅山红芽芋脱毒试管芋一般在1月至2月上旬晴天播种,“倒春寒”等低温胁迫会导致早播的江西铅山红芽芋脱毒试管芋生长缓慢,出苗周期变长,严重时会造成烂种死亡,出苗率降低,影响其产量。为提高播种期江西铅山红芽芋脱毒试管芋抗寒性,该研究利用植物组织培养和植物生理学的方法测定了壳寡糖浸种后低温下江西铅山红芽芋脱毒试管芋的萌发及其相关生理指标。结果表明：200-250 mg/L壳寡糖浸种可显著促进低温下江西铅山红芽芋脱毒试管芋的萌发。与低温对照（control check,CK）相比,当浸种浓度为200 mg/L时,在内源激素方面,有利于低温下江西铅山红芽芋脱毒试管芋萌发过程中赤霉素（gibberellin,GA₃）、玉米素核苷（ribosylzeatin,ZR）、多胺（polyamines,PA）和茉莉酸（jasmonic acid,JA）的积累,而不利于生长素（auxin,IAA）和脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）的积累;在抗氧化方面,提高了超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）的活性,降低了丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）和过氧化氢（hydrogen peroxide,H₂O₂）的含量;在渗透调节方面,有利于可溶性糖（soluble sugar,SS）、可溶性蛋白（soluble protein,SP）、脯氨酸（proline,Pro）的积累;在代谢关键酶方面,可提高脂肪酶（lipase,LIP）、蛋白酶（protease,PR）和α-淀粉酶（α-amylase,α-AMS）活性以及三磷酸腺苷（adenosine triphosphate,ATP）含量。因此,200 mg/L壳寡糖可以调控低温下江西铅山红芽芋脱毒试管芋内源植物激素和渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶和代谢关键酶活性,促进其在低温下的萌发。     

聚合氯化铝对木质纤维素MgCl2预处理液的纯化

预处理是生物质资源转化的关键步骤,其过程会使植物细胞壁的结构发生变化,从而降低生物质的顽固性并增强其中糖的有效溶解,以促进其高值化利用。预处理液成分复杂,所含木质素和多种降解产物不利于糖类的高效利用,需要对其进行分离纯化。以桉木经MgCl₂预处理的废液为对象,通过聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝的方法去除其中的大分子木质素,利用Zeta电位和粒径检测、高效液相色谱法、紫外光谱法等技术分析絮凝处理前后预处理液的成分变化,并对其去除机理进行深入研究。结果表明:当PAC用量为4.00%质量分数时,反应体系Zeta电位为0,此时胶体稳定性最差,可获得较大的木质素沉淀量;当预处理液的pH接近3.00时,刚好达到等电点,体系中正负电荷中和不稳定,胶体颗粒粒径最大,出现明显絮凝沉淀;随着pH的升高,PAC对木质素的去除效果仍有明显增强,综合所有因素可知,在pH为10.00、PAC用量为2.00%质量分数时,处理体系对木质素的絮凝表现出良好的选择性,木质素的选择性去除率可达86.05%。由此可知,PAC主要是通过静电和桥联双重作用改善预处理液的胶体稳定性,使预处理液中的木质素大分子优先沉淀,体现出良好的选择性,是一种非常有潜力的预处理液纯化方法,值得进一步探究和优化。     

Improved solubility and stability of carp myosin by conjugation with alginate oligosaccharide

ABSTRACT:   Carp myosin was conjugated with alginate oligosaccharide (AO) through the Maillard reaction under low relative humidity, and the functional properties of the myosin-AO conjugate were investigated to clarify the role of myosin in the functional improvement of fish myofibrillar proteins (Mf) by the glycosylation. The findings were as follows. First, myosin became highly solubilized at lower NaCl concentrations by conjugation with AO and NaCl-dependence of the solubility was lost when > 12% of the available lysine residues were reacted with AO and 50 µg/mg of AO was attached to myosin. Second, the thermal stability of myosin was effectively improved by conjugation with AO. Heat-treatment at 50°C for 6 h has no effect on the solubility of the myosin-AO conjugate regardless of the NaCl concentration. Third, the improved functionalities of myosin conjugated with AO remained even at a nearly isoelectric point. The improving effect of AO-conjugation on the characteristics of myosin was almost the same as Mf reacted with AO. Therefore, it is apparent that that improved functionalities of the glycosylated Mf reflect the functional changes of myosin.     

Effect of Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharide (Bio-Mos) on Live Performance of Broiler Chickens Given an Anticoccidial Vaccine (Paracox) Followed by a Mild Coccidial Challenge

A pen trial with 720 Ross 308 male chicks evaluated effects of Paracox-5 vaccination at d 1, dietary mannan oligosaccharide (MOS; Bio-Mos at 2, 1, and 0.5 kg/tonne in starter, grower, and finisher, respectively), and d-15 Eimeria challenge on d-22 lesions and 1 to 42-d live performance. Available floor area in each of 24 floor pens was 2.1 m², and 30 chicks were placed per pen initially. A 3-phase feeding program was used: starter (0 to 15 d), grower (16 to 22 d), and finisher (23 to 42 d). The 4 dietary and vaccine treatments were as follows: 1) without vaccination, dietary MOS, or coccidiosis challenge; 2) without vaccination and dietary MOS but with a 3-strain pathogenic Eimeria challenge; 3) with Paracox-5 vaccination and Eimeria challenge but no dietary MOS; and 4) with Paracox vaccination, dietary MOS, and Eimeria challenge. The pathogenic Eimeria sporulated oocysts mixture from the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (Paris, France), standardized and well-defined, was given via feed at d 15 (100,000 Eimeria acervulina, 10,000 Eimeria maxima, and 15,000 Eimeria tenella per bird). Coccidiosis lesion scores were recorded at 22 d of age (scored as 0, 1, 2, or 3 with increasing severity). Overall mean lesion scores (P < 0.001) were higher in challenged birds. Paracox-5 alone improved 15-d BW and 1 to 15- and 15 to 22-d average daily gain of Eimeria-challenged broilers (P < 0.05). Dietary MOS improved (P < 0.05) 15 to 42- and 22 to 42-d FCR of Paracox-5 vaccinated, Eimeria- challenged broilers. Mortality was 4.4 to 5.8% by treatment, with no significant differences. It was concluded that dietary MOS improved the feed conversion ratio of Paracox-5-vaccinated (d 1), challenged (d 15) broilers from 15 to 42 d of age.     

异麦芽寡糖对肉仔鸡生产性能及肠道生理生化指标的影响

试验选用 90 0只雌雄各半 1日龄艾维茵肉鸡分 6组 ,每组 3重复 ,分别在饲料中添加异麦芽寡糖 (IOS) 0 %、0 .1%、0 .2 %和 0 .4 %、金霉素 15 0mg kg及金霉素 15 0mg kg+0 .4 %IOS ,研究了ISO对肉鸡的生产性能及肠道生理和生化指标的影响。IOS和金霉素处理均促进 0～ 3周肉鸡的采食 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且IOS促进肉鸡采食的作用随添加量的提高而增强。IOS和金霉素处理降低 3周龄肉鸡回肠内容物中挥发性盐基氮含量 (P <0 .0 5 )和盲肠内容物中丙酸含量 (P <0 .0 1)。IOS处理增加 3周龄肉鸡空肠绒毛长度 (P <0 .0 1)。与添加 15 0mg kg金霉素组比较 ,IOS处理提高 3周龄肉鸡盲肠中丁酸含量 (P <0 .0 5 )和空肠绒毛长度 (P <0 .0 1) ,对其它各指标无影响。     

甘露寡糖对犊牛粪便菌群影响的研究

选用7日龄左右荷斯坦犊牛15头,分为3组,每组5头。其中一组为对照组,不添加任何添加剂;试验组分别添加0.1%和0.2%水平的葡萄糖甘露寡糖(Bio-Mos),各组采食营养水平相当,采食相同的牛乳、精料补充料和粗料,自由采食,自由饮水,饲喂时间30d。观测甘露寡糖不同添加水平对犊牛粪便菌群变化和健康状况的影响。结果表明:0.1%添加水平组腹泻率低于对照组和0.2%添加组;在整个试验期,各组粪便大肠杆菌和乳酸杆菌分别呈降低和增加趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05),0.1%添加水平在降低大肠杆菌和增加乳酸杆菌数量指标方面均优于不添加和添加0.2%。     

益生菌兼或益生元对牛肠道菌群调节作用研究进展

益生菌/益生元具有调节胃肠(GI)菌群平衡及活动的能力,能够显著地影响家畜肠道内菌群的结构和活动,使有益菌(主要是乳酸菌)占有生态位,成为优势菌群,抑制霉菌生长和霉菌毒素的产生。饲喂益生菌后,牛肠道中的菌群呈现多样性,群落的复杂程度增高,牛肠道菌群的微生态稳定性增强。低聚麦芽糖、低聚半乳糖等益生元则能不同程度的被有益菌分解利用,作为有益菌的生长促进剂,发挥其益生作用。目前,益生菌/益生元已被广泛应用于食品、医药保健和饲料等各个领域。随着对其深入的了解和成熟的市场或产业化发展,益生菌/益生元的应用前景很好。     

牛蒡寡糖促进大菱鲆生长的研究

以从牛蒡根中提取的牛蒡寡糖作为鱼类饲料添加剂,探讨其对大菱鲆(Scophthalmusmaximus)生长的影响。经过不同剂量(0、1.0%、2.0%、5.0%)的4组饲养试验,分别从每组随机抽取鱼体,测定其生长指标和鱼体生化成分。结果表明,在饲养的各个阶段中试验组鱼的平均体重、体长均较对照组有不同程度地提高;养殖100d时,各试验组鱼的增重率、增长率和饲料转化率均明显高于对照组。对试验鱼全鱼体成分的分析表明:添加牛蒡寡糖的试验组大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗蛋白含量均比对照组有所提高,而粗脂肪、灰分含量比对照组降低较大幅度。说明饲料中添加牛蒡寡糖可显著促进鱼的生长,提高鱼对饲料的利用率,还能够有效地改善鱼体的营养成分和增强肌肉品质,其适宜添加量为2.0%。     

壳寡糖对硬水灌溉下黄瓜育苗效果的影响

为筛选出最适宜培育黄瓜壮苗的壳寡糖处理方式及浓度,以津春4号黄瓜为试验材料,用不同浓度壳寡糖浸种(200、400倍)及苗期叶面喷施(500、800倍)组合处理来调控黄瓜幼苗的生长.结果表明:用硬水浸种加苗期进行3次800倍壳寡糖溶液喷施处理的壮苗效果最优,其相比于对照,最大叶面积、叶绿素含量升高,根冠比提高21.4...     

20%寡聚酸碘水剂对黄瓜灰霉病的药效试验

20%寡聚酸碘水剂（AS）的有效成分为氨基寡糖素与碘的络合物,采用室内生物活性测定及田间药效试验,以50%乙烯菌核利可湿性粉剂（WP）1 000倍液为对照药剂,评价了20%寡聚酸碘AS对黄瓜灰霉病的防治效果。室内抑菌试验结果表明：20%寡聚酸碘AS 1 000倍液、1 500倍液、2 000倍液的抑菌率分别为97.30%、45.90%、14.00%,均低于50%乙烯菌核利WP 1 000倍液（100.00%）。田间药效试验结果表明：20%寡聚酸碘AS 1 000倍液、1 500倍液的田间防效分别为81.66%、74.80%,均高于50%乙烯菌核利WP 1 000倍液（73.87%）。