Ultrasonographic evaluation of vitreous degeneration in normal dogs.

Vitreous degeneration is common in dogs and may be associated with cataract formation. Vitreous degeneration may be identified using B-mode ultrasonography and appears as multiple, small, motile, point-like echoes within the vitreous cavity. In humans, vitreous degeneration has also been observed in normal aging eyes but the incidence of vitreous degeneration in dogs without cataract has not previously been documented. The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of vitreous degeneration and to investigate its incidence in a population of dogs without cataract or other apparent eye disease. The eyes of 62 dogs were evaluated as part of a prospective study. All dogs underwent ophthalmological and ultrasonographic examinations and vitreal changes were graded on ultrasonography using a predetermined grading scheme. Vitreous degeneration was found in 20% (23/114) of the eyes on ultrasonographic examination but in only 8% (9/114) of eyes on direct ophthalmoscopy. Sensitivity and specificity of ophthalmoscopy using ultrasonography as a gold standard were respectively, 39% and 100%. Vitreal syneresis and asteroid hyalosis could be distinguished according to their ultrasonographic characteristics. The probability of having vitreous degeneration increased with the age of the dog (odds ratio = 6.7 for dogs of 7 + years compared with 0-6 years) and also increased in females compared with males (odds ratio = 3.6). Vitreous degeneration, especially mild vitreal syneresis, is not uncommon in normal dogs; it was shown to be an age-related condition and its significance should not be overinterpreted on ocular ultrasonography.     

Fluorangiographic study of the ocular fundus in normal horses

Purpose:  To describe the protocol and appearance of fluorescein angiography (FA) in normal horses.
Animals:  A total of 25 healthy horses aged between 5 and 15 years.
Materials and Methods:  The horses were sedated with 15 µg/kg detomidine and 50 µg/kg butorphanol and dilated with topical tropicamide 1%. All angiograms were recorded after intravenous bolus injection of 10 mg/kg of fluorescein sodium solution.
Results:  Two successive angiographic phases could be discerned: the choriopapillary phase, starting at 46.95 ± 9.48 s, and the retinal vascular phase, starting at 47.79 ± 10.38 s. The retinal vascular phase was divided in three parts: filling phase , maximum fluorescence point , and fading phase . During the filling phase, the dye progressed into the retinal vessels, obtaining maximum fluorescence at 59.79 ± 10.39 s, termed the maximum fluorescence point. The fading phase started immediately following the maximum fluorescence point. During this phase, vascular fluorescence decreased to complete reduction at 74.76 ± 9.81 s. Also, areas of delayed choroidal filling, the presence of short retinal vessels in the ventral region of the optic disc, and a particular filling of the optic disc were also observed.
Conclusions:  The normal angiographic sequence was described in horses. FA may be a useful method for studying the integrity of the blood–retinal barriers in horses.     

Clinical and pathological classification of canine intraocular lymphoma

The objectives of this retrospective study of 100 dogs with intraocular lymphoma were to describe the histomorphologic and immunohistochemical features of canine intraocular lymphoma, determine the proportion of cases with presumed solitary ocular lymphoma (PSOL) compared to multicentric disease, and assess the clinical outcomes of these patients. Selected cases from Penn Vet Diagnostic Laboratory and Comparative Ocular Pathology Lab of Wisconsin (2004–2015) were evaluated and subtyped using the WHO classification system. Peripheral T‐cell lymphoma and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma were the two most common subtypes. Questionnaires were distributed to the referring veterinarians and veterinary ophthalmologists inquiring about clinical signs at time of enucleation, staging, patient outcome, treatment, and disease progression. Cases were categorized as PSOL if only ocular involvement was noted at the time of diagnosis based on the clinical staging criteria. The majority of cases (61%) did not have systemic involvement at the time of diagnosis, and these cases did not progress postoperatively. Median survival time (MST) was significantly higher for the presumed solitary intraocular cases: 769 vs. 103 days, hazard ratio of 0.23 (95% CI: 0.077–0.68). The subtype of lymphoma did not affect survival time. The results of this study suggest two significant points of clinical interest: the majority of dogs (61%) presented without signs of systemic involvement of lymphoma at the time of enucleation, and dogs with only ocular involvement showed no disease progression postenucleation.     

证素辨证在眼底疾病辨证中的应用

以证素为核心的证素辨证体系,是在继承基础上的创新,使临床辨证执简驭繁,具有广泛的实用价值和很强的指导意义。本文在简要介绍这一辨证新体系的基础上,探讨了这一重要理论研究成果在眼底疾病辨证中的应用。     

原发性开角型青光眼患者眼血流动力学的改变及与中医证型关系的研究

目的 探讨原发性开角型青光眼患者眼血流动力学的改变及其与中医辨证分型之间的关系。方法 采用彩色超声多普勒成像（CDI）对102例原发性开角型青光眼患者眼血流动力学的改变进行了检测。结果 开角型青光眼及其中医证型（分为肝郁气滞证、痰湿犯目证、肝肾阴虚证）在眼动脉（OA）血流参数中,与正常组相比,PSV、EDV、AV差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）;在视网膜中央动脉（CRA）血流参数中,与正常组相比,PSV、EDV和AV差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）,其变异程度依次为肝郁气滞证组 > 痰湿犯目证组 > 肝肾阴虚证组。结论 原发性开角型青光眼患者OA和CRA的血流速度下降明显,血流阻力增加,眼局部血液循环障碍,OA和CRA的血流参数可作为反映开角型青光眼及其中医证型间局部血瘀程度的一项重要指标。     

Surgical removal of a dermoid cyst from the bony part of the nasolacrimal duct in a Scottish highland cattle heifer

The ophthalmologic, radiologic and surgical findings of a 2-year-old Scottish Highland Cattle heifer with a dermoid cyst within the bony part of the nasolacrimal duct and the successful treatment are presented.     

环氧化酶-2与犬眼部疾病关系的研究进展

环氧化酶-2（COX-2）因参与机体的多种病理生理过程而日益受到重视。它在眼部炎症、角膜和视网膜新生血管、青光眼、白内障、增生性玻璃体视网膜病变等许多疾病的发生发展中起着重要的介质作用。自20世纪90年代初,国外就发现环氧化酶有两种同工酶COX-1和COX-2,COX-1参与机体正常的生理功能,而COX-2则参与多种病理生理过程,包括炎症、损伤、修复、新生血管的生成及肿瘤的生长和转移,对COX-2的研究更有助于探究犬的某些眼部疾病的发生机制以及进一步完善疾病治疗手段,提高治疗效果。本文就环氧化酶-2与犬眼部疾病的关系进行论述。