大型渠道弧形闸门过流公式测试比较

[目的]利用大型渠道实测数据,评估不同弧形闸门过流公式的适用性和性能.[方法]以南水北调中线干渠严陵河闸为对象,收集约18000组监测数据,分析不同工况下的闸孔出流特性,测试国内外常用的7种过流公式.[结果]实测闸下收缩断面弗氏数位于0.152～0.985区间,超出了南科院(NHRI)经验公式的适用范围;实测孔堰流分界...     

机翼形量水槽过流流态探讨

为深入理解流经机翼形量水槽等短喉道量水槽的水流流态提供理论依据,并以期指导该类量水槽的设计与灌区应用,以大量试验观测为基础,采用能量和临界流方程理论推导出在理想状态下临界流发生的位置;用断面比能法分析了喉道内水流能量与流态的转换关系,并对过槽水流从流态上进行定性的讨论和总结。结果表明:对于平坡渠道机翼形量水槽而言,临界流发生在渠道侧向收缩达到极小值的断面(即喉口断面);分析得到5种情况下的3类过槽流态(缓流,临界流,急流)符合试验观测。若能控制量水槽的过流流态为急流,则可以取得较好的测流效果。     

Study of feasibility of night-closure of irrigation canals for water saving

The feasibility of closing distributary canals at night was investigated in a recently modernized surface irrigation system in Pakistan, the Upper Swat-Pehur High Level Canal system. Increased water supply, greater delivery capacity and the introduction of downstream control potentially allow more flexible service. In the command area of Maira branch of this system, farmers are anyway abandoning night-time irrigation, as they can meet their needs from improved supply during the day. They practice night irrigation only during the times of peak crop water demand. The rotational delivery system, known as warabandi in the sub-continent and Dauran in Arabian countries, has even broken down in the day in some parts of the command area. This is believed to be typical of systems with more than adequate water supply.A simulation study was undertaken using the CanalMan software developed by Biological & Irrigation Department, Utah State University, Utah Logan, USA. Primary data collected in one distributary canal and the two minors connected to it was utilized for simulations. The feasibility of night-time closure depends on the speed of filling and emptying the canal each day, and the time required to meet full irrigation demand during the day. The results show that where canal lengths are less than 5 km, in this system, there is good potential to make savings, which can be realized at system level through reduced demand on supplemental supplies from Tarbela Dam.     

Estimation of water levels in a main drainage canal in a flat low-lying agricultural area using artificial neural network models

The Chiyoda basin is located in the Saga Prefecture of the Kyushu Island, Japan, and lies next to the tidal compartment of the Chikugo River, into which excess water in the basin is drained away. This basin has a total area of approximately 1100 ha and is a typical flat and low-lying agricultural area. The estimation of the water levels at the gates and along the main drainage canal is a crucial issue that has recently been the subject of much research. At these locations farmers and managers need to control the operation of the irrigation and drainage systems during periods of cultivation. An attempt has been made to apply a feed-forward artificial neural network (FFANN) to model and estimate the water levels in the main drainage canal. The study indicated that the artificial neural network (ANN) could successfully model the complex relationship between rainfall and water levels in this flat and low-lying agricultural area. Input variables and the model structure were selected and optimized by trial and error, and the accuracy of the model was then evaluated by comparing the simulated water levels with the observed ones during an irrigation period in July 2007. The water levels at two locations, located upstream and downstream of a main drainage canal, were investigated by using a time series at intervals of 20, 30, and 60 min. At these intervals, rainfall and tide water levels in the Chikugo River were measured, and the backward time-step numbers of the input variables of rainfall and tide water level were searched. For the upstream location, the optimal combination yielding good agreement between the observed and estimated water levels was obtained when the interval of the time series was 60 min. The number of backward time-steps of the input variables of rainfall and tide water level were 5 and 4, respectively. In contrast to the downstream location, the optimal combination was obtained for the interval time series of 20 min with 4 backward time-steps for both the input variables of rainfall and tide water level. The present study could provide farmers and managers with a useful tool for controlling water distribution in the drainage basin, and reduce the cost of installing water level observation points at many locations in the main drainage canal.     

大中型灌区干渠输配水渗漏损失经验公式探讨

中国广泛使用考斯加可夫经验公式来估算渠道输水渗漏损失，在渠道实际运行中，存在一些缺陷，为此，根据Davis-Wilson公式，并考虑使用的习惯性和方便性，建立了渠段输配水损失与渠道断面尺寸，水力条件，土壤类型，地下水埋深等因素相关的经验公式，同时将渠道衬砌等其他所有因素一并考虑在渗漏折减系数中，并建议采用实测方法来估算该系数。     

水力自动溢流堰在自动调控渠系中的应用

分析了渠系自动化的发展现状，介绍了水力自动溢流堰及其恒定水位的工作原理，并根据该装置良好的恒定水位性能，研究其在渠系自动化流量调控的应用条件和实现方法，其中对在取水口处应用和渠道中的联合运用两种方法作了进一步探讨。在渠道自动化上游控制中，能有条件地取代常用的水力自动闸门，可以实现真正恒定水位的目的，使得渠系自动调控方法简便，精度高。     

西藏水电站太阳能防冰新探索

在分析国内外冰研究成果，总结西藏地区冰情特点与治理成果的基础上，创造性地提出了利用高原得天独厚的太阳能资源进行防冰的新措施。通过实验观测和成本核算，表明太阳能防冰在西藏地区是一种经济有效并且具有广阔应用前景的防冰措施。     

基于数值模拟的“适变断面”衬砌渠道抗冻胀机理探讨

能适应渠基冻胀变形的衬砌渠道简称“适变断面”渠道。为了探明其抗冻胀机理及削减冻胀效果,应用ADINA软件对混凝土衬砌“适变断面”渠道冻胀进行数值模拟,计算渠道冻胀的温度场、变形场和应力场,研究衬砌板应力和变形规律,并与弧形坡脚梯形渠道比较分析表明：“适变断面”渠道能降低最大法向冻胀量55.11%、最大法向冻胀力51.65%、最大切向冻结力56.85%;通过冻胀量均方差及冻胀力分析比较,“适变断面”使渠道受力状态得到显著改善,冻胀变形分布更加均匀;衬砌板法向错位值总计1.3 cm,纵向伸缩缝周向压缩值总计为9.7 cm,揭示了“适变断面”渠道利用宽纵缝既能释放衬砌板法向冻胀变位,又能吸收周向冻胀变位,从而适应渠基冻胀变形减轻冻害的抗冻胀机理。最后通过模拟计算了“适变断面”渠道冻胀量均方差对边坡系数的敏感性,指出边坡系数i约为1∶1.7～1∶1.4时,“适变断面”渠道抗冻胀效果很显著,为“适变断面”渠道的推广及优化设计提供了参考。     

VR-GIS技术在渠系建筑物管理中的应用研究

灌区渠系建筑物的更新改造工程迫切需要掌握灌区的现状,传统的二维信息系统、二维GIS系统难于表达具有时间、空间和属性等多维信息的渠系建筑物。应用VR-GIS技术构建了宝鸡峡杨凌二支渠灌区渠系建筑物管理系统,探索虚拟管理的实现技术。应用结果表明基于VR-GIS技术的系统能满足灌区渠系建筑物的信息化管理要求。该系统用户界面友好,能大大提高管理的效率。     

基于ARM和GPS的渠系布局采集器的研究

提出了一种基于S3C2410 ARM微处理器和GPS技术的渠系布局采集器的实现方法。其核心思想为通过GPS模块采集渠系布局经纬度信息,由ARM微处理器经串行口与GPS模块通信以获取渠系布局信息并将这些信息进行实时保存。该渠系布局采集器具有GPS定位系统全天候、实时高精度以及自动测量的优点,实现了对复杂渠系位置的准确定位。经测试表明,该采集器运行可靠,满足渠系布局的测量要求。