渠道冻胀敏感性数值模拟分析

渠道冻胀破坏机理复杂,其主要影响因素可归纳为土、水、温与附加荷载等4个方面。为了探明渠道冻胀影响因素对于混凝土衬砌渠道的影响程度和规律,利用正交实验设计理论,选取渠道冻胀不均匀系数作为评价指标,渠道断面形式、混凝土衬砌板厚度、分缝位置、渠基土冻胀系数和混凝土衬砌板弹性模量E作为影响因素,利用有限元软件ADINA进行数值模拟,研究各因素对渠道冻胀的敏感性。结果表明,5个因素敏感性由大到小依次排列为:渠道断面形式渠基土冻胀系数分缝位置混凝土衬砌板厚度混凝土衬砌板弹性模量E,从而为探索混凝土衬砌渠道最有效的抗冻胀措施及设计方法提供了科学合理的方法和依据。     

渠系前馈蓄量补偿控制时滞参数算法比较与改进

输水明渠系统控制算法主要由前馈及反馈模块组成,其中前馈模块较大程度上影响了系统控制性能。基于蓄量主动补偿的前馈控制算法受时滞参数影响较大,为比较现有多种算法实际控制性能优劣,并寻求不依赖复杂数值计算的简化时滞参数算法,该文进行了横向的算法比较与优化开发。文章基于蓄量阶跃补偿及蓄量二次补偿2类算法,结合改进比例-积分(proportional-integral,PI)反馈控制器,对典型测试渠系及实际工程渠系建模仿真,选取稳定时间、最大超调流量、绝对值误差积分(integral of absolute magnitude of error,IAE)和绝对流量变化积分(integrated absolute discharge change,IAQ)指标分析了蓄量阶跃补偿、动力波原理、水量平衡模型3种时滞参数算法的控制效果。结果显示,在实际工程渠系中,小流量工况下,蓄量阶跃补偿算法的稳定时间比水量平衡模型算法的稳定时间减小40.42%;大流量工况下,蓄量阶跃补偿算法的最大超调流量最小,仅比目标流量高3%,该算法的稳定时间比水量平衡模型算法的稳定时间减少25.45%。结果表明蓄量阶跃补偿算法控制效果较好,但该算法在推求渠池所需蓄量补偿值时需进行水面线推求,文章依据渠道蓄量变化与流量变化间的线性关系,提出简化的时滞参数显式算法。较传统数值算法,时滞参数显式算法与蓄量阶跃补偿算法的时滞参数差值百分比小于8%,在满足实际工程需求的同时,可明显减少推求所需蓄量补偿值的计算量。文章的比较结论及所提出的简化算法对输配水渠道系统,尤其是大型渠道系统调度具有一定的理论价值和应用前景。     

内蒙古河套灌区末级渠系改造模式优化研究

以河套灌区治丰示范区为研究对象,研究了田间布置与渠道工程量(体积)、渠道水利用系数、田间作业效率的关系,在此基础上,建立了以单位面积年费用为目标函数、畦长为自变量的分析模型,并结合当地实际,提出了河套灌区末级渠系改造的模式为:毛渠双向控制横向布置,畦长为30~50m,畦宽为农机具宽度的整倍数,毛渠长为100~200m,毛渠的间距为60~100m,农渠的间距为100~200m,农渠为U形混凝土衬砌渠道为宜。     

Lysimeter study on the use of biodrainage to control waterlogging and secondary salinization in (canal) irrigated arid/semi-arid environment

The study describes the capacity of trees to control the rise in water table and thus prevent the formation of waterlogged soils and development of secondary salinization in canal irrigated areas. It was conducted in RCC lysimeters of 1.2 m dia. and 2.5 m depth filled with sandy loam alluvial soil (Typic Ustochrept), with provisions to maintain water table depth at 1, 1.5 and 2 m from the surface and groundwater salinity at 0.4, 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS m-1. The amount of water biodrained by eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) and bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea) at the given water table depths and groundwater salinity levels was monitored over four years by daily measuring the water needed for maintaining the water table. The trees continued to absorb and transpire water throughout the year, the capacity being more in summer and rainy than that was in the winter season. The eucalyptus plant could biodrain 2880, 5499, 5518 and 5148 mm of water in the first, second, third and fourth year of study period, from non-saline groundwater and a water table depth of 1.5 m. The amount of water biodrained was more at 1.5 m as compared to 1 and 2 m water table depths. The biodrainage capacity of trees was significantly affected by the salinity of the groundwater. However, even at salinity of 12 dS m-1, the eucalyptus plant biodrained 53% of that under non-saline conditions. It was calculated that biodrainage could control water table rises upto 1.95, 3.48, 3.76 and 3.64 m in first, second, third and fourth year, respectively. The secondary salinity developed in the root zone, upto 45 cm depth, did not exceed 4 dS m-1 even at water table depth of 1 m with salinity of 12 dS m-1. The volume of water biodrained by bamboo increased with time and could control water table rises upto 1.09, 1.86, 2.46 and 2.96 m in first, second, third and fourth year of growth, respectively.This study indicates that due to high transpiration capacity and an ability to extract water from deeper layers containing saline groundwater, the trees can control the rise in water table in irrigation command areas and prevent the formation of waterlogged and eventually the saline wastelands.     

Pyogenic meningitis and trigeminal neuritis secondary to periodontogenic paranasal sinusitis in a red deer (Cervus elaphus)

An adult female red deer died of a severe seizure and dysbasia. Postmortem computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed. On CT, deciduous right maxillary second and third premolar teeth were observed, and the right infraorbital canal was disrupted. MRI showed that the right trigeminal nerve was enlarged and the right subarachnoid cavity was occupied by fluid and gas. On gross examination, the right paranasal sinus, swollen muscles of the orbit and tonsils, right trigeminal nerve, and right cerebrum surface contained a yellowish-white, cheese-like pus. Based on these findings, the deer was believed to have developed pyogenic meningitis caused by a neuropathic infection secondary to periodontogenic paranasal sinusitis.     

灌溉水利用系数测定方法研究

通过开展对灌溉水利用系数资料的搜集、整理并对灌区进行实地调研,在了解目前灌区灌溉水利用系数测量中存在问题及原因的基础上,对灌区灌溉水利用系数测量计算方法进行了分析研究,提出了测定灌溉水利用系数的综合测定计算方法。该方法既克服了传统测量方法中工作量大,需要大量人力、物力才能完成的缺点,又弥补了只测量典型渠段而引起较大误差的不足,而且能反映出灌区渠系用水情况、灌溉工程质量及灌溉用水管理水平等。为灌区今后经常性地测量符合实际的灌溉水利用系数及指导灌区节水工程改造等提供了一种切实可行的计算方法。并结合实例进行了应用分析。     

饥饿对褐菖鲉消化道指数及消化酶活力的影响

在水温(18±0.5)℃、盐度27.0±0.5条件下,测定了褐菖鲉不同饥饿时间(0、3、7、14、21 d)的比肝质量、比胃质量、比幽门质量、比肠长及各消化组织消化酶活力。试验结果表明,在饥饿过程中,褐菖鲉消化道组织萎缩,比肝质量、比胃质量、比幽门质量和比肠长呈显著下降趋势(P<0.01),其中比肝质量下降速率最大,饥饿21 d的比肝质量比对照组下降85.033%。饥饿期间,蛋白酶活力总体呈先升后降的趋势,差异显著(P<0.05)。淀粉酶活力的变化趋势亦为先升后降,饥饿1 d,前、中、后肠、幽门的淀粉酶活力呈不同程度上升,之后,除胃和幽门外,随着饥饿时间的延长,皆呈下降趋势,与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05);脂肪酶活力总体呈缓慢下降趋势,差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

Fine structure and differentiation of the alimentary canal in captive-bred Japanese eel Anguilla japonica preleptocephali

ABSTRACT:   The fine structure of the alimentary canal in preleptocephali produced by artificially matured Japanese eel was examined. At 1 day posthatch (dph), the alimentary canal was found only above the dorsal side of the yolk mass, and the epithelium was composed of a single layer of epithelial cells. By 5 dph, the alimentary canal was divided into three segments based on the structure of the epithelial cells: foregut, midgut and hindgut, corresponding to the future esophagus, intestine and rectum, respectively. After 7 dph, the epithelium in the foregut was surrounded by a circular muscle layer, suggesting a role in the transportation of food materials. The epithelial cells of the midgut exhibited well-developed membranous structures, which are deduced to be invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane. Pinocytotic invaginations and vacuoles were observed in the epithelial cells of the hindgut; this observation suggests that this region is involved in the uptake of food. Significant changes in morphological features of the epithelial cells in each segment were observed until 7 dph; however, these were not evident between 7 dph and 13 dph. Consequently, the differentiation of the alimentary canal was completed by 7 dph, and preleptocephalus had developed the ability to absorb food by 7 dph.     

Constructed shallow zones along navigation canals: vegetation establishment and change in relation to environmental characteristics

An Erratum has been published for this article in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12(2), 2002, 251

• 1. In recent decades shallow zones have been constructed along navigation canals in the Netherlands which form a potential new habitat for aquatic macrophytes and helophytes absent from traditional canals.
• 2. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between the aquatic plant vegetation that becomes established and the physical and chemical characteristics of water and sediment, in order to find the determinants of species composition and the changes therein. Data were collected in 1998 and 1999 from 80 plots in bank zones at varying stages of development since construction along two navigation canals.
• 3. Plots 3–5 years old were partly dominated by rooting submerged macrophytes such as Potamogeton pectinatus, Elodea nuttallii and Potamogeton pusillus; locally non‐rooting species occurred such as Ceratophyllum demersum, Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza. Older plots contained Phragmites australis, locally mixed with free‐floating species. Hydrological isolation from the eutrophic canals was indicated by the presence of Chara vulgaris.
• 4. Characteristics of both water layer and sediment could explain the variation in vegetation composition. Rooting submerged macrophytes predominantly occurred in sites with a thin (<2 cm) layer of sediment with relatively low concentrations of organic matter; moreover, ammonium concentrations in the water layer and sediment pore water were relatively low. Stands of non‐rooting macrophytes and of Phragmites australis were characterized by a relatively thick sediment layer and high ammonium levels in the pore water. Light limitation in turbid water, associated with navigation and eutrophication, may also play a role.
• 5. Although submerged aquatic macrophytes persist for a relatively short time, shallow zones nevertheless function as a habitat for helophyte communities and contribute to a higher aquatic biodiversity than is associated with traditional banks along navigation canals.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渠井用水比例对土壤脱盐与地下水化学特征的影响

【目的】通过研究华北典型井渠结合灌区不同用水模式对区域土壤盐分分布、根层土壤脱盐、地下水化学特征的影响,探讨华北井渠结合灌区适宜的渠井用水比例。【方法】2013—2015年在人民胜利渠灌区选择西三干渠控制范围为典型区域,监测控制范围内降水量、地表水灌溉量、地下水灌溉量、0—100 cm土层土壤含盐量、地下水矿化度,分析不同用水模式对根层土壤盐分洗脱、地下水化学特征的影响。【结果】2013—2015年一支渠、二支渠、三支渠渠井用水比例分别介于0.72—1.03、2.50—2.63、0.65—1.26之间;2013—2015年冬小麦苗期,不同用水模式下0—100 cm土层土壤盐分垂向分布均表现为上高、中低、下高,尤其是0—20 cm土层土壤盐分表聚明显;2013—2015年冬小麦苗期一支渠控制范围内0—20 cm根层土壤盐分均值大于0.32 mS·cm~(-1)面积分别占到控制范围的60.38%、25.99%、41.16%,二支渠控制范围内0—20 cm根层土壤盐分均值大于0.32 mS·cm~(-1)面积分别占到控制范围的59.61%、0.94%、8.81%,三支渠控制范围内0—20 cm根层土壤盐分均值大于0.32 m S·cm~(-1)面积分别占到控制范围的84.40%、41.87%、52.49%,表明渠井用水比例与支渠控制范围内表层土壤含盐量大于0.32mS·cm~(-1)的面积呈负相关;对比2013年同期,2014年典型区内0—20 cm土壤脱盐率介于15.61%—25.85%,2015年典型区内0—20 cm土壤脱盐率介于13.33%—23.15%;不同渠井用水比例典型区域地下水水化学特征均表现为:地下水中阳离子由枯水期钙钠型转化为平水期的钠钙型,平水期地下水水文化学相具有强烈的碱化趋势,特别是平水期二支渠地下水溶解性总固体增幅分别为一支渠、三支渠的1.23、3.48倍,表明较大渠井用水比例地表水灌溉驱动了根层土壤脱盐,增加了地下水中可溶性盐分浓度;对比2014年平水期,2015年同期一支渠、二支渠和三支渠控制范围地下水钠吸附比分别降低了23.58%、36.82%和55.47%,且区域地下水钠吸附比均低于18分级值。【结论】综合2013—2015年0—100 cm土层土壤脱盐率、地下水化学特征变化,在华北典型井渠结合灌区采用较大的渠井用水比例可以促进耕层土壤的脱盐、抑制土壤盐分表聚,同时短期内改善地下水环境。