In vitro evaluation of screws and suture anchors in metaphyseal bone of the canine tibia

OBJECTIVE: To compare ease of insertion, load to failure, and mode of failure of cortical and cancellous screws, BoneBiter, IMEX, and TwinFix suture anchors in canine metaphyseal tibial bone. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental biomechanical study. ANIMALS: Canine cadaveric tibias. METHODS: One investigator inserted all anchors and subjectively evaluated ease of placement. Anchor systems were loaded to failure along axis of insertion with audio-video recording to determine failure mode. RESULTS: BoneBiter was the most difficult anchor to insert successfully. Mean+/-SD loads to failure were cancellous screw (711+/-193 N), IMEX 4.7 mm 18 g wire (661+/-163 N), IMEX 4.0 mm 18 g wire (661+/-165 N), cortical screw (635+/-184 N), BoneBiter #5 Kevlar suture (393+/- 109 N), and TwinFix 5.0 mm #2 polyester (267+/-73 N). No significant differences were noted among the cortical screw, cancellous screw, IMEX 4.7 and 4.0 mm, all of which were significantly (P<.001) greater than BoneBiter and TwinFix . Failure modes were pullout of bone, suture-wire breakage, eyelet breakage, or no failure to 1000 N: screws (18,0,0,2), IMEX (18,1,1,0), BoneBiter (2,8,0,0), and TwinFix (0,10,0,0). CONCLUSIONS: Fixation devices were user friendly, with the exception of BoneBiter. Mode of failure is dependent on suture material and anchor design. Cortical and cancellous screws, and IMEX anchors with 18 g wire have significantly greater load to failure compared with BoneBiter and TwinFix suture anchors. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Based on load to failure, ease of use, design characteristics, and cost, IMEX anchors may have advantages over other comparable soft tissue fixation devices.     

Evaluation of a canine cranial cruciate ligament repair system for use in equine laryngoplasty

OBJECTIVE: To report the use of a nylon suture system (Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair System; Securos Inc Veterinary Orthopedics) as a prosthesis for equine laryngoplasty. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental and prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: Cadaver specimens (n = 5) and 7 horses with left laryngeal hemiplegia. METHODS: A commercially available monofilament nylon suture system was implanted as a laryngeal prosthesis. Arytenoid cartilage abduction was achieved with a tensioning device applied to the suture prosthesis during transnasal endoscopic observation. Suture fixation was achieved with crimping clamps and a crimping device. RESULTS: The nylon suture system was suitable as a laryngeal prosthesis for arytenoid cartilage abduction. The ratchet mechanism of the tensioning device facilitated abduction of the arytenoid cartilage and suture fixation was achieved by the crimped clamp without any loss of tension. Postoperatively, there was a slight loss of tension in 4 horses and complete loss of tension in 1 horse because of cartilage failure. After convalescence, none of the horses had abnormal respiratory noise, exercise intolerance or cough. CONCLUSIONS: A nylon suture system designed for canine cranial cruciate ligament repair was used successfully as a laryngeal prosthesis and facilitated control of the degree of arytenoid cartilage abduction during laryngoplasty. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For improved control of the degree of arytenoid cartilage abduction during laryngoplasty, use of a nylon suture system with metal crimps should be considered.     

An in vitro study to determine the effectiveness of a patellar ligament/fascia lata graft and new tibial suture anchor points for extracapsular stabilization of the cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle in the dog

OBJECTIVE: (1) To determine whether an extracapsular patellar ligament/fascia lata graft would provide stability in the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifle comparable with that of the intact stifle. (2) To determine if different tibial anchor points would enhance stability of the CrCLdeficient stifle when compared with the standard fabellar-tibial suture (FTS) placement. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental. ANIMALS: Twenty-eight canine cadaver hind limbs. METHODS: Stifles were mounted in a jig and tested between loads of -65 and 80 N. After testing the intact CrCL, 4 stabilization techniques were tested after CrCL transection: lateral graft technique (LGT) and 3 FTS with different tibial anchor points. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in displacement between the LGT and standard FTS, between the LGT and the intact CrCL, or between the FTS and the intact CrCL, in either the Securos or the Screw-washer experiments. Stiffness of the intact CrCL was significantly greater than that of any stabilization technique and the cut CrCL. The standard FTS showed the least displacement of all suture stabilization techniques. Differences in stiffness were not significant between the suture stabilization techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Securely anchored, the LGT results in a reduction in drawer motion similar to that of the intact CrCL and the standard FTS. Altering the tibial anchor point for the FTS does not improve stiffness or enhance stabilization of the CrCL-deficient stifle. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The LGT could be used for the treatment of CrCL ruptures in the dog. A clinical study is recommended.     

Mechanical performance of a screw-type veterinary suture anchor subjected to single load to failure and cyclic loads

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the mechanical performance of a veterinary bone anchor under static and cyclic loads. STUDY DESIGN: Mechanical testing study. ANIMALS: Cadaveric canine humeri. METHODS: Humeri (6 pairs) were collected from skeletally mature dogs (mean [+/-SD] age, 17.2+/-2.1 months; weight, 20.8+/-1.5 kg). Bone anchors were inserted in the proximal metaphysis using nylon, and were longitudinally extracted. For the opposite humerus, anchors were subjected to longitudinal cyclic load (50% of the load at failure of their pair) for 1200 cycles then longitudinally loaded to failure. Anchors were then installed in a similar and adjacent area of these 2(nd) humeri with nylon and cyclically tested perpendicular to the axis of anchor insertion (100% of the longitudinal holding power of their pair) for 1200 cycles, then perpendicularly loaded to failure. Paired t-tests were used to compare holding power before and after longitudinal cyclic testing. RESULTS: Longitudinal holding power of the screw-type anchor in the proximal humerus was 385+/-30 N. Anchor pullout was the only mode of failure. Anchors in the paired humeri did not fail after 1200 cycles of 50% longitudinal loading, and post-cycle holding strength was not different (335+/-87 N; P=.32). Perpendicularly loaded anchors did not fail after 1200 cycles of 100% of opposite longitudinal holding strength, and had post-cycle perpendicular holding strengths of 514+/-72 N. Suture breakage was the mode of failure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bone anchor holding strength is dependent on orientation of suture load. Screw-type bone anchor holding strength was not affected by longitudinal cyclic loading, and holding strengths of approximately 385 N can be expected in metaphyseal bone of large-breed mature dogs. Perpendicularly loaded anchors have higher failure loads, and holding strength of approximately 514 N can be expected in metaphyseal bone of the proximal humerus.     

反刍动物常用饲料的体外消化率

为有效利用当地饲料资源,提高反刍动物配合日粮的利用效率和生产性能,选用西北地区常见的棉籽蛋白、玉米啤酒糟、苹果渣、玉米皮、甜菜粕、菜粕和苜蓿等7种反刍动物常用饲料原料,采用应用滤袋的两级离体消化法对干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的体外消化率进行测定。结果表明,甜菜粕的干物质体外消化率(IVDMD)、有机物体外消化率(IVOMD)和粗蛋白质体外消化率(IVCPD)显著高于其他样品(P<0.05),玉米啤酒糟的IVDMD、IVOMD、IVCPD、中性洗涤纤维体外消化率(IVNDFD)和酸性洗涤纤维体外消化率(IVADFD)都处于较低水平。     

Surgery: Comparison of three closure methods and two absorbable suture materials for closure of jejunal enterotomy incisions in healthy dogs

Summary

The macroscopic and histological appearance of jejunal antimesenteric incisions approximated with two different absorbable suture materials (monofilament versus multifilament) and three closure techniques (appositional single layer, crushing single layer, and double layer) were compared in healthy dogs at 14 or 28 days, postoperatively. No significant differences between the two suture materials were observed for most of the macroscopic or histological variables. However, the monofilament suture material caused significantly more fibrous tissue reaction in the muscular layer of the jejunum than did the multifilament suture material. Of the three enterotomy closure techniques used in this study, the appositional single‐layer method proved to be the best. The double‐layer closure method caused a significant decrease in the incisional circumference, the relative circumference, and volume of the jejunum, and a significant increase in jejunal wall thickness. Our findings suggest that canine jejunal enterotomy incisions can be closed using an appositional suture pattern with relatively rapidly absorbable monofilament suture material. The use of double‐layer suture patterns for closure of jejunal enterotomy incisions should be avoided because the size of the intestinal lumen may be reduced.     

酒糟和醋糟营养成分差异及其瘤胃降解特性分析

本试验旨在评价酒糟、醋糟等非常规饲料资源的饲用价值，为酒糟醋糟资源应用于肉牛养殖提供数据参考。试验选用山西不同地区酒糟、醋糟试样5个，试样编号分别为白酒糟、啤酒糟、醋糟1、醋糟2、醋糟3，发酵原料分别为白酒糟（高粱）、啤酒糟（大麦+大米）、醋糟1（高粱+大麦）、醋糟2（大麦+玉米）、醋糟3（高粱+玉米）。通过实验室常规方法测定样品常规营养成分以及利用体外产气法和尼龙袋法评价其饲用价值，同时建立体外法与尼龙袋法测定干物质降解率的回归方程。结果表明：5个样品的干物质（DM）含量为23.25% ~ 42.96%，粗蛋白质（CP）含量分别为啤酒糟（31.84%）>白酒糟（14.58%）>醋糟3（14.40%）>醋糟1（12.21%）>醋糟2（8.46%）。醋糟1的中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量均为最高，其次为醋糟2、醋糟3，白酒糟NDF含量最低。啤酒糟的72 h产气量（GP72）显著高于白酒糟（P < 0.05）。体外产气法和尼龙袋法测定的酒糟72 h干物质降解率（IVDMD72、DMD72）显著高于醋糟（P < 0.05）。5个试样的IVDMD72与DMD成正相关，随着降解时间增加其相关性逐渐增加。综上，酒糟的CP含量较高（14.58% ~ 31.84%），醋糟NDF、ADF含量相对较高（59.59% ~ 64.91%，38.78% ~ 54.78%）。结合GP、IVDMD及DMD结果，酒糟消化性能优于醋糟。以IVDMD建立估算DMD的回归公式为DMD72=-19.215+1.645IVDMD72（R2=0.912，P < 0.05）|以IVDMD建立估算DM有效降解率（ED）的回归公式为ED=-12.448+1.045IVDMD72（R2=0.929，P < 0.01）。 [关键词] 醋糟|酒糟|体外产气法|尼龙袋法     

瘤胃尼龙袋法测定常用饲料过瘤胃淀粉量及淀粉瘤胃降解率

以9头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法对玉米淀粉、玉米、麸皮、豆粕、麻粕、棉籽粕、苜蓿干草、羊草、肋麦野豌豆、玉米秸等10种常用饲料的过瘤胃淀粉量及淀粉瘤胃降解率进行了比较研究。结果表明,各种饲料的过瘤胃淀粉量(g/kg)依次为417.85、404.84、226.31、62.04、110.56、108.61、73.50、50.87、47.55、24.43;其淀粉瘤胃降解率%依次为60.95、50.47、61.70、80.19、65.57、61.01、53.15、64.23、70.40、73.65。     

不同精粗比饲粮中添加甘露寡糖对绵羊瘤胃养分降解率的影响

本试验采用尼龙袋法研究不同精粗比饲粮中添加甘露寡糖(MOS)对绵羊瘤胃养分降解率的影响。选取6只安装永久瘤胃瘘管的羯羊(白萨福克×小尾寒羊♀),采用4×6双因子析因试验设计,共设饲粮精粗比和MOS添加水平2个因子,其中饲粮精粗比分别为20∶80(A1)、30∶70(A2)、40∶60(A3)和50∶50(A4),MOS添加水平分别为0(B1)、0.4%(B2)、0.8%(B3)、1.2%(B4)、1.6%(B5)和2.0%(B6)。结果显示:饲粮精粗比对不同时间点绵羊瘤胃干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)和粗蛋白质(CP)的降解率、降解参数[DM、OM:快速降解部分(a)、慢速降解部分(b)和可降解部分(a+b);CP:a、b和b的降解速率(c)]及有效降解率均产生了显著影响(P0.05),其变化规律均为随饲粮精料比例的升高而升高,在A4组达到最高;MOS添加水平仅对不同时间点绵羊瘤胃CP的降解率及降解参数a+b产生了显著影响(P0.05),其变化规律均为随MOS添加水平的增加先升高后降低,在B5组达到最高。饲粮精粗比和MOS添加水平对绵羊瘤胃养分降解率没有产生显著的交互作用(P0.05)。由此得出,饲粮精粗比为50∶50时绵羊瘤胃干物质、有机物和粗蛋白质的有效降解率最高,MOS添加水平达到1.6%时绵羊瘤胃粗蛋白质的降解率最高。     

Difference in incisional complications following exploratory celiotomies using antibacterial‐coated suture material for subcutaneous closure: Prospective randomised study in 100 horses

Reasons for performing study: Incisional complications are a major post operative challenge following ventral midline exploratory celiotomy for abdominal pain in horses. They lead to discomfort, prolonged hospitalisation, longer recovery times and increased cost; therefore, investigation of preventative procedures are warranted. Objectives: To determine the clinical effect of antibacterial (triclosan) coated 2‐0 polyglactin 910 suture material on the likelihood of incisional infections when used for closure of subcutaneous tissue following ventral midline celiotomies in horses. Methods: One hundred horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy assigned at random to one of 2 groups. In the control group coated 2‐0 polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) was used for apposition of the subcutaneous tissue in a simple continuous pattern and, in the study group, antibacterial (triclosan) coated 2‐0 polyglactin 910 suture material (Vicryl Plus) was used. Post operatively an elastic adhesive abdominal bandage was applied, changed and the incision was inspected by a clinician blinded to the study protocol at 24–36 h and 6–9 days post operatively. Outcomes of interest were evidence of incisional pain, incisional oedema, sheath/udder oedema, incisional drainage, hernia formation and dehiscence. Results: Antibacterial‐coated suture material did not decrease the likelihood of incisional complications in 100 horses. Conclusions: A beneficial effect on ventral midline incisions in 100 horses was not evident by using antibacterial‐coated suture material. Potential relevance: Lack of effectiveness of antibacterial‐coated suture material in equine ventral midline closure after exploratory celiotomy and the observed potential adverse effects suggest that further clinical investigations are needed before using such material routinely on horses.