四川白鹅对花生藤营养物质表观消化率研究

我国花生种植面积世界第一,但花生藤却没有得到充分利用.因此本试验通过研究四川白鹅对花生藤营养物质的表观消化率,确定其在四川白鹅日粮中的合理添加量,为优化日粮配方和花生藤的合理利用提供理论依据和数据参考.试验随机选取18周龄、(3.5±0.25)kg四川白鹅公鹅12只,采用强饲法(全收粪法),每只试验鹅用强饲器强饲40 ...     

雌雄(餐)鲦肌肉营养成分的分析比较

对雌雄(餐)鲦(Hemicculter Leuciclus)肌肉营养成分进行了分析比较,并对其营养品质进行了评价.结果表明:雌雄(餐)鲦肌肉粗蛋白含量分别为18.20%,18.80%;雌雄(餐)鲦氨基酸总含量为18.91 mg/g、20.14 mg/g,雌雄(餐)鲦必需氨基酸(EAA)、呈味氨基酸(FAA)与氨基酸总量...     

Effect of masking organoleptic properties of fat on diet self‐selection by the sparid Diplodus puntazzo

Fish are able to select a balanced diet according to their nutritional needs by choosing among incomplete feeds or even pure macronutrients. However, the relevance of both the organoleptic properties of diet and the postingestive signals that they produce remains unclear. Thus, sharpsnout seabream were allowed to select between diets containing different edible oils with their organoleptic properties masked by using gelatine capsules. Fish were fed capsules of two different colours so that they could associate the capsule colour with its corresponding postingestive effect. The longitudinal experiment included a first phase during which the fish were adapted to consuming the gelatine capsules. In a second phase, the fish were challenged with two different encapsulated diets: one comprising a complete diet containing fish oil and the other a fat‐free diet. Sharpsnout seabream showed a preference for the fish oil capsules (3.8 ± 1.1 g kg^?1 body weight (BW), 66.8% of total intake) over the fat‐free capsules, showing that they were able to associate the colour of the capsule with their nutritional content through postingestive signals. After that, the fish were challenged to select between the capsules containing the fish oil diet and capsules containing a vegetable oil (linseed or soybean), in which case they showed no preference between diets (2.4 ± 0.3: 2.1 ± 0.5 g kg^?1 BW of fish oil versus linseed oil capsules and 2.2 ± 0.2: 1.8 ± 0.6 g kg^?1 BW of fish oil versus soybean oil capsules), indicating that the fatty acid composition of the different oils was not sufficient to affect dietary selection through postingestive signals. So, in conclusion, when orosensorial information from food is absent, the fish are able to select between diets at a macronutrient level by using postingestive information. However, this information is not sufficient for distinguishing between diets that differ in the type of oil used.     

Limnology of Macrobrachium amazonicum grow‐out ponds subject to high inflow of nutrient‐rich water and different stocking and harvest management

We evaluated the water characteristics and particle sedimentation in Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller 1862) grow‐out ponds supplied with a high inflow of nutrient‐rich water. Prawns were subject to different stocking and harvesting strategies: upper‐graded juveniles, lower‐graded juveniles, non‐graded juveniles+selective harvesting and traditional farming (non‐grading juveniles and total harvest only). Dissolved oxygen, afternoon N‐ammonia and N‐nitrate and soluble orthophosphate were lower in the ponds in comparison with inflow water through the rearing cycle. Ponds stocked with the upper population fraction of graded prawns showed higher turbidity, total suspended solids and total Kjeldahl nitrogen than the remaining treatments. An increase in the chemical oxygen demand:biochemical oxygen demand ratio from inlet (4.9) to pond (7.1–8.0) waters indicated a non‐readily biodegradable fraction enhancement in ponds. The sedimentation mean rate ranged from 0.08 to 0.16 mm day^?1 and sediment contained >80% of organic matter. The major factors affecting pond ecosystem dynamic were the organic load (due to primary production and feed addition) and bioturbation caused by stocking larger animals. Data suggest that M. amazonicum grow‐out in ponds subjected to a high inflow of nutrient‐rich water produce changes in the water properties, huge accumulation of organic sediment at the pond bottom and non‐readily biodegradable material in the water column. However, the water quality remains suitable for aquaculture purposes. Therefore, nutrient‐rich waters, when available, may represent a source of unpaid nutrients, which may be incorporated into economically valued biomass if managed properly.     

不同饲料对哲罗鲑生长性能和营养成分的影响

在人工养殖条件下,分别投喂野生鲫鱼和人工饲料对哲罗鲑生长性能和营养成分进行比较。每组养殖实验鱼50尾,每个实验组设3个重复,试验水温10.8～16.5℃,pH值7.2～7.5,溶氧〉6.0mg/L,试验共进行56d。试验结果：野生鲫组增重率、特定生长率、肥满度、水分均显著高于人工饲料组（P〈0.05）。野生鲫组粗脂肪显著低于配合饲料组（P〈0.05）。两试验组鱼体粗蛋白、粗灰分、肌肉氨基酸含量及组成差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。野生鲫组与人工饲料组相比,野生鲫组哲罗鲑生长性能较好,鱼体成分发生改变,而肌肉氨基酸营养价值未发生变化。     

微波消解-FAAS测定虾肉中钙的质量分数

采用微波消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法（flame atomic absorption spectrometry,FAAS）测定虾肉中钙（ca）元素的质量分数,对微波消解前处理的条件进行了研究。试验结果显示,最佳的微波消解体系为取样量0．500g,以硝酸（HNO,）作为消解溶剂,用量5．0mL,最适微波消解程序为多步消解程序D,包含3个步骤：1）功率400W,比例100％,升温5min,消解温度120℃,保持5min;2）功率800W,比例100％,升温5min,消解温度150℃,保持10min;3）功率800W,比例100％,升温10min,消解温度180℃,保持10min。样品消解液在常温或冷藏条件下保存48h之内的稳定性良好。经微波消解前处理后虾肉样品中”（ca）的相对标准偏差（relative standard deviation,RSD）为5．284％,加标回收率为91％-98％。微波消解-FAAS测定虾肉中的w（Ca）具有样品处理时间短、试剂用量少、结果准确和安全性高等优点。     

温度和营养盐胁迫对龙须菜氨氮吸收速率及生长速率的影响

以龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)为试验材料,分别研究了温度和营养盐协迫对其生长及氨氮吸收速率的影响.结果表明,2个环境因子对龙须菜生长和吸收氨氮速率均有显著影响.龙须菜在20℃条件下生长较其在10℃和30℃条件下生长快速(P＜0.01);营养盐含量过高和过低均不利于龙须菜的生长;营养盐水平越高,龙须菜吸收氨氮的速率越高(P＜0.05),但随着试验时间的延长,则呈现出氨氮吸收速率减小的趋势.鉴于龙须菜对氨氮的高吸收能力,可考虑将其作为富营养化海域的生物修复材料.     

合方鲫及其亲本肌肉营养成分分析

采用生化分析手段对合方鲫及其亲本的肌肉营养成分进行比较研究。结果显示,合方鲫肌肉中水分含量为71.00%,显著低于其亲本的水分含量(日本白鲫:75.60%,红鲫:75.50%),说明合方鲫具有低水分的特征。合方鲫的蛋白质含量为17.70%,高于红鲫的蛋白质含量(17.00%),且显著高于日本白鲫的蛋白质含量(14.80%)。在15种检测的氨基酸含量中,合方鲫的氨基酸总量(15.87%)、必需氨基酸总含量(6.55%)均高于红鲫的氨基酸总量(15.52%)和必需氨基酸总含量(6.46%),且显著高于日本白鲫的氨基酸总量(13.13%)和必需氨基酸总含量(5.27%)。值得一提的是合方鲫的呈味氨基酸总含量高达6.26%,高于红鲫的呈味氨基酸总含量(6.07%),且显著高于日本白鲫的呈味氨基酸总含量(5.29%)。研究表明,合方鲫是一种营养价值高、肉味鲜美的鱼类,为其生产上的应用提供了理论支撑。     

香芹酚和百里香酚对绵羊养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵特性及纤维降解菌数量的影响

本试验旨在探讨香芹酚和百里香酚对绵羊养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵特性及纤维降解菌数量的影响.选取9只健康装有永久瘤胃瘘管的小尾寒羊公羊,采用3×3拉丁方设计,预试期5 d,正试期15 d.对照组(CON)饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组(T1组)在基础饲粮精料中添加香芹酚(2 g/d),试验2组(T2组)在基础饲粮精料中添加百里香酚...     

马尾松林下补植阔叶树后森林凋落物量、养分含量及周转时间的变化

在25年生的马尾松林下分别补植拉氏栲、青栲、闽粤栲、格氏栲和苦槠,形成针阔混交异龄林。补植16年后,对上述5种混交林类型及马尾松纯林的森林凋落物量、养分含量及周转时间进行研究。上述5个混交群落和马尾松纯林的年凋落物量分别为6149·1、7533·2、6741·1、7151·5、8041·7和3442·8kg·hm-2。各混交群落总凋落物量的季节动态呈双峰型,第1次峰值出现在2—4月份,第2次峰值出现在8、9月份。在凋落物组成中,枯叶占绝对优势,占凋落物总量的50%~71%,其余依次为枯枝6%~26%、树皮9%~19%、果实和其他组分5%~17%。各混交群落中来自马尾松的凋落物占50%~58%,来自阔叶树的凋落物占42%~50%,且两者的组成有明显差异。凋落物各组分的养分含量存在较大差异,N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量范围分别为3·25~12·98、0·24~0·97、0·37~6·55、12·77~35·40、2·35~6·10g·kg-1。各林分类型凋落物中养分元素的年归还总量为Ca>N>Mg>K>P。5个混交林群落及马尾松纯林凋落物中的养分年归还总量分别为238·05、213·77、223·93、289·90、304·12和142·01kg·hm-2。6个群落的森林地被物现存量分别为8448·0、15565·8、11993·7、12718·6、6974·2和5020·0kg·hm-2,其中L层在各群落中所占比例分别为47·2%、59·6%、51·3%、61·0%、85·4%及86·3%,平均为61·7%。森林地被物中各养分元素的含量在群落和组分之间存在明显差异,但总的趋势表现为Ca>N>Mg>K>P。最后,通过对年凋落量和林地凋落物积累量的比较分析,上述6个群落的凋落物周转时间预测值依次为0·76、1·42、0·97、1·17、0·84及1·52年,其中枯枝的周转时间明显大于枯叶,且马尾松的枯叶和枯枝的周转时间普遍大于阔叶树。