Biochar derived from dairy cattle carcasses as an alternative source of phosphorus and amendment for soil acidity

Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate biochar derived from dead dairy cattle as a mineral fertilizer, especially phosphorus (P) fertilizer, and to clarify the effect of particle size of biochar on plant growth (Zea mays L.) and P uptake. To produce the biochar, body parts of dead cattle were placed in a charring chamber and allowed to char at 450°C for 4 h. The biochar was of high pH and rich in major plant nutrients, especially P. Application of fine biochar (< 1 mm) increased P uptake by the corn plants grown in soil of low available P status. As a result, plant growth was improved following biochar application and dry matter production was also increased. The effect of the biochar application on the P uptake and plant growth was promoted by the application of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Soil analysis after harvest indicated that the biochar application increased soil pH, available P and exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compared with the soil before seeding, while soil available N and exchangeable potassium (K) were considerably decreased. The decrease in the soil available N was incomprehensible, because the result of the mass balance given by the difference between input as the applied N from the biochar and fertilizer N and output as the N uptake by the plants was positive. We observed a similar result in the mass balance of K to the case of N. The medium (2–4 mm) and coarse (> 4 mm) grade biochar did not significantly affect plant growth, because P uptake was not, or was only slightly, increased by the application of these biochars. Dissolution of P from the coarser biochars was probably slower than that of the fine biochar. The lower dissolution of P from the medium and coarse biochars was supported by the lower P absorption efficiency of these biochars compared with that of the fine biochar and superphosphate. The effect of fine biochar on plant growth and P uptake was similar to that of superphosphate. We can therefore conclude that fine biochar derived from cattle carcasses is an effective source of P fertilizer and amendment for soil acidity. The N and K contents in the biochar, although relatively high, cannot be relied upon as a mineral fertilizer. Further studies are needed to assess whether the N and K contents of the biochar indicate it can be regarded as a useful fertilizer.     

土壤及泥沙颗粒组成与养分流失的研究

利用自然降雨影响下的农田为试验样地,分析了降雨前后土壤颗粒组成与养分含量的变化,探讨了流失泥沙颗粒组成与养分的变化特征。结果表明,在降雨后,西瓜地与油菜地表土颗粒组成呈现粘粒与粉粒含量减少,砂粒含量相对增加的趋势;土壤养分含量都有不同程度的下降,其中水解氮与速效磷下降的幅度很大,西瓜地与油菜地水解氮降雨后降幅分别为9.67%和7.99%,速效磷的降幅分别为9.20%和8.76%;全氮养分降幅很小,西瓜地与油菜地分别为2.17%和1.54%;流失泥沙细小颗粒含量与养分含量随时间基本都呈降低的变化趋势,并且细小颗粒含量与携带流失的养分含量有显著甚至极显著的正相关性;流失泥沙具有富集粘粒和富集养分的特性,油菜地与西瓜地粘粒富集率分别为1.23和1.20,两样地全氮与速效磷的富集率都在1.3以上,而全磷和水解氮富集率基本处在1.1-1.3之间。     

华西雨屏区5种坡地利用方式产流产沙与养分流失特征

选择5种坡地利用方式,分别是裸地、农耕地(玉米)、荒草地、巨桉林地Ⅰ与巨桉林地Ⅱ,建立人工径流小区,对2006年6～11月各小区产流产沙及养分流失进行对比研究.结果表明:(1)5种坡地利用方式产流产沙差异显著(P＜0.05),径流深依次是裸地(250.9 mm)＞农耕地(232.9 mm)＞荒草地(175.4 mm)＞巨桉林地Ⅰ(170.5 mm)＞巨桉林地Ⅱ(141.3 mm);产沙量大小依次为:农耕地(313.63 t/km2)＞裸地(176.80 t/km2)＞荒草地(94.45 t/km2)＞巨桉林地Ⅰ(90.58 t/km2)＞巨桉林地Ⅱ(36.37 t/km2).(2)5种坡地利用方式养分流失差异显著(P＜0.05),其流失量大小顺序均为钾素＞磷素＞氮素.其中,氮素与磷素流失以水溶态为主,平均为96.16%与69.45%;钾素以颗粒态(与泥沙结合态)为主,平均为74.93%.(3)不同坡地产流产沙主要影响因素不同,裸地与农耕地受降雨影响较大,而荒草地与巨桉林地受人为干扰因素较大.(4)调整农事活动、改善经营措施与减少人为干扰对防止坡地产流产沙以及养分流失具有重要作用.     

冀南地区蔬菜保护地土壤养分变化特点

对冀南地区蔬菜保护地土壤养分现状及变化趋势进行了研究，结果表明，保护地耕层土壤有机质、土壤速效N、速效P和速效K比相邻露地栽培分别平均增加146．64％、51．68％、567．17％和110．41％；比1981年土壤分别增加143．23％、97．97％、2311．00％和98.8％。随栽培年限的增加，耕层土壤速效N、速效P和速效K有积累的趋势，土壤养分主要积累在0～20cm土层，随着土层加深土壤养分积累程度降低，其中以日光温室栽培的土壤养分积累高于塑料大棚。     

一体化秸秆沼气发酵反应器设计

针对秸秆沼气发酵过程中存在的秸秆亲水性差、易结壳及进出料难等问题,设计了秸秆沼气发酵反应器。反应器采用两相分离发酵一体化结构,通过沼液循环回流,使秸秆始终处在高水分区域环境,营造良好的厌氧微生物的生存环境,同时在固液两相分离和沼液回流过程中使秸秆在反应器内形成上下流动的状态,从而达到自动搅拌和秸秆破壳功能。另外,在进料口处设置预处理罐,对进料口进行水封,并对物料进行预处理。该反应器结构简单、运行稳定、操作方便、节省动力,实现了预处理、自动破壳及两相一体化秸秆高效发酵沼气的功能,对促进秸秆综合利用、带动秸秆沼气工程的推广具有重要意义。     

植物生长营养液对干旱复水马铃薯根系及光合特性的影响

基于盆栽试验,研究了不同干旱胁迫(重度胁迫,中度胁迫和正常供水)与复水条件下植物生长营养液处理对马铃薯根系活力、叶片光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率及产量的影响。结果表明,不同干旱胁迫与复水条件下,植物生长营养液均能有效改善马铃薯根系活力及光合特性。与CK相比,根系活力增加3.19%～20.23%,光合速率增加6.36%～32.70%,气孔导度降低5.49%～32.32%,蒸腾速率降低2.30%～28.10%。马铃薯产量增加3.19%～7.55%,增产幅度为:重度胁迫>中度胁迫>正常供水。3种干旱胁迫下,植物生长营养液对重度胁迫马铃薯产量的增幅最大。     

水培番茄、黄瓜营养液管理专家系统的构建

针对无土栽培的技术核心——营养液管理，构建了水培番茄、黄瓜的营养液管理专家系统，以促进无土栽培技术在中国大面积的推广和应用。该文详细介绍了该专家系统的设计目标、结构和功能设计的过程以及知识库的构成；构建了番茄、黄瓜在不同生育期对氮、磷、钾、钙等大量元素的吸收模型，组成动态模型库；优化了番茄、黄瓜在逆境(高温、低温、寡照等)生长条件下对营养液的管理。在大量搜集水培知识和营养液管理数据的基础上，基本实现了对水培番茄、黄瓜不同生育期的营养液浓度(EC)，酸碱度(pH)，氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)等营养元素浓度，以及营养液温度、溶解氧浓度的管理和决策。     

侵蚀型红壤植被恢复后土壤养分含量与物理性质的变化

为了解侵蚀型红壤植被恢复后土壤养分含量与物理性质的变化状况,采集了植被恢复17年和9年的两个定位试验点土壤样品。分析结果表明：侵蚀型红壤植被恢复后土壤养分含量明显增加。恢复17年的木荷、杉木林0～0．2m土层土壤全氮和有机质含量分别比对照增加了3．92倍、2．96倍、5．80倍和3．52倍,土壤有效养分中土壤有效磷含量增加幅度最大。植被恢复后土壤物理性质得到极大改善．表现在土壤容量明显降低,土壤总孔度、通气孔度增加和大于1mm大团聚体与大于0．25mm水稳性团聚体总量的增加。总的来看,恢复17年的木荷和恢复9年的黑麦草两处理．土壤物理性质改善最为明显．此两处理0～0．2m表层土壤容量比对照区降低了27．9％和20．41％,大于0．25mm水稳性团聚体总量分别比对照区增加了31．09％和29．96％,土壤总孔度和通气孔度分别是对照区的1．34倍、1．25倍、2．59倍和2．14倍。     

林地开垦后坡面侵蚀过程与土壤养分流失的研究

林地被人为开垦破坏后 ,加速侵蚀是导致坡面土壤养分流失的根本原因。坡面土壤养分流失的空间分布与坡面侵蚀方式和侵蚀强度的空间分布相一致 ,浅沟沟槽是坡面土壤养分流失最严重的部位。土壤养分流失在开垦初期非常迅速 ,开垦耕种 5 a后 ,土壤养分含量可减少 5 0 %。土壤剖面中 A层的流失是土壤养分流失的标志。     

土壤沉积物样品中有机碳含量的快速测定

采用微波密闭消解样品的方法来测定土壤／沉积物中有机碳的含量。与重铬酸钾氧化法的结果相比，微波消化法具有操作简单、污染小、快速准确的优点。经F检验法及t检验法检验，两种方法的分析结果无明显差异。