Application of urease inhibitor improves protein composition and bread‐baking quality of urea fertilized winter wheat

Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.     

南阳烤烟矿质元素及化学成分次适宜因子与土壤生态因子的典型相关分析

为了解南阳烤烟矿质元素及主要化学成分次适宜因子及其与土壤生态因子的关系,选取代表南阳不同生态类型的13个样点的土壤样品和烟叶样品,以及2个津巴布韦、14个巴西的优质烟样,测定烟样矿质元素及化学成分与土壤生态因子.对优质烟与南阳烤烟间矿质元素及主要化学成分指标的比较表明,南阳烤烟矿质元素及主要化学成分次适宜因子为磷、钾、钙、钠、烟碱、总糖、还原糖、淀粉.对次适宜因子与土壤生态因子进行典型相关分析的结果表明,在一定范围内,随着土壤锌含量提高,烟叶还原糖呈显著增加趋势而烟碱呈显著减少趋势:土壤氨化菌数减少、硝化菌数增加,烟叶烟碱显著增加而总糖、淀粉、磷含量显著减少;随土壤放线菌数减少、解钾菌数增加,烟叶还原糖含量增加;随土壤铜含量提高,烟叶钙、钠含量减少;随土壤硝化菌数减少、真菌数增加,烟叶钙含量呈增加趋势而钠含量呈减少趋势.改良土壤特别是改良土壤微生物性状可望改善烟叶质量.     

The future of tropical species in secondary forests: A quantitative review

Deforestation and degradation of tropical old-growth forests has the potential to cause catastrophic species extinctions. In this review, we assess whether regenerating secondary forests (SF) can support species typically found in old-growth forest (OG) and so prevent extinctions. We review 65 studies that compare faunal diversity in SF and corresponding OG, and compare the similarity of species composition both within and between these two forest types using the Sorensen, Morisita-Horn and Sorensen-Chao indices. Comparisons between traditional similarity indices and Sorensen-Chao, which minimizes sampling biases, indicated that limited sampling effort consistently reduced apparent similarity between SF and OG and that similarity between SF and OG is actually higher than previously appreciated. Similarity, which ranges from 0 to 1, varied from 0.49 to 0.92 between replicate OG sites and was correlated with similarity between SF and OG. This correlation might be an artefact of variation among studies in sampling effort, especially for vertebrates where small samples reduce apparent similarity across all comparisons, as well as a real effect of variation among studies in landscape heterogeneity and the presence of species with patchy distributions. Therefore, similarity between SF and OG cannot be interpreted without an understanding of background variation in OG. Similarity between different SF sites provided no evidence that disturbance specialists dominate SF. Similarity to OG increased rapidly with SF age; when SF was contiguous with OG; when SF was growing in small clearings; and after low intensity land uses including clearing only, shifting agriculture and tree plantations. This describes the most frequently observed tropical SF; isolated from roads and on hilly terrain unsuitable for mechanized agriculture. Thus, our analyses indicate that tropical SF can play an important role in biodiversity conservation particularly when OG forests are nearby. An important caveat remains, however. Abundance, geographic range and levels of habitat specialization are often related. Widespread, abundant, habitat generalists might dominate similarity analyses even when relatively rare OG specialists are present. Additional species-level analyses of habitat specialization will be needed before the conservation value of tropical SF is fully understood.     

不同形态氮肥对设施土壤盐分含量和离子组成的影响

通过室内模拟培养实验,研究了尿素、碳酸氢铵和硝酸钙对设施土壤盐分含量和离子组成的影响.结果表明:(1)随着培养时间延长,不同形态氮肥处理土壤含盐量总体呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势.施肥处理的土壤含盐量较对照(CK)明显增加,但不同氮肥处理与未施氮肥处理(N0)间的土壤含盐量在整个培养期间内总体差异不显著.且氮肥用量对含盐量的影响也不显著.(2)设施土壤中尿素和碳酸氢铵处理的电导率与含盐量呈极显著正相关,硝酸钙处理电导率与含盐量呈显著正相关.且随培养时间的延长呈波浪状变化.其电导率显著高于相同氮用量时的其他两种氮肥处理;电导率与氮肥用量呈极显著正相关.(3)不同形态氮肥处理的土壤盐分离子组成相近,均以阴离子为主.设施土壤阴离子占盐分总量的76.29%～93.81%,露地土壤为75.16%～96.63%,以SO_4~(2-)含量最高,分别占67.37%和67.28%,NO_3~-含量次之;土壤中阳离子含量较少,以Ca~(2+)为主,K~+,Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)的含量随氮肥用量的增加而增加.(4)土壤电导率受阳离子的影响较大.阴离子的影响较小.设施土壤的电导率与Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),K~+.NO_3~-含量呈极显著正相关,与Cl~-1呈显著正相关.露地土壤电导率与Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)含量呈极显著正相关,与HCO_3~-呈显著负相关.     

渭北旱塬长期施肥试验中氨氧化细菌的多样性及群落结构分析

以中国科学院长武黄土高原农业生态试验站23 a长期施肥定位试验的土壤样品为研究对象,通过构建氨氧化细菌的amoA基因克隆文库,采用PCR-RFLP方法分析了裸地（LD）、种植不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、单施磷肥（P）和氮磷共施（NP）这5个处理条件下土壤中氨氧化细菌的多样性及其群落结构。结果表明,N处理的土壤中氨氧化细菌的Shannon-Wiene（rH′）和Margalef（dM）a指数均最高,其次是CK、NP、P,而LD处理中最低,表明长期单施氮肥后增加了土壤中氨氧化细菌的多样性和丰富度,长期种植作物后也同样会增加土壤中氨氧化细菌的多样性和丰富度,但单施磷肥和氮磷共施后土壤中氨氧化细菌的多样性和丰富度都有所降低。基于amoA基因建立的系统进化树显示,所有来自于各处理条件下土壤中氨氧化细菌的优势种群都是属于Nitrosospira和Nitrosospira-like,与Nitrosospira cluster 3聚为一组,但优势菌种在克隆文库中所占的比例不同,表明不同的施肥处理下土壤中氨氧化细菌的群落结构发生了改变。     

Response of soil properties and yam yield to Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) and Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) mulches

Plant materials differ in their chemical composition, rate of decomposition and suitability as mulch materials. Experiments were conducted during 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 cropping seasons for early yam cultivation at Owo in the forest–savanna transition zone of southwest Nigeria to study the effect of Chromolaena odorata and Tithonia diversifolia mulches applied at 0.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 t ha^?1 on soil chemical properties, leaf nutrient composition, growth and tuber yield of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir). Both C. odorata and T. diversifolia mulches reduced soil bulk density and temperature; increased concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM), total N, available P, exchangeable K, Ca and Mg, leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg; enhanced growth and yield of yam compared with control. The values of SOM, total N and available P and leaf N and P concentrations increased with increasing mulch rate. C. odorata mulch and T. diversifolia mulch applied at 10.0 and 7.5 t ha^?1, respectively, was found to be suitable for yam production. T. diversifolia mulch compared with C. odorata mulch produced higher values of soil chemical properties, leaf nutrient concentrations, growth and yield of yam. T. diversifolia mulch produced 19% and 18% higher tuber yield compared with C. odorata mulch during 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 cropping seasons, respectively.     

Tomato fruit quality as influenced by the interactions between agricultural techniques and harvesting period

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) is an important crop in terms of its economic and nutritional value. Many factors, including cultivar, climate, geography, geochemistry, and agricultural practice, can affect its nutrient concentrations. An HJ‐biplot study was performed to examine the effects of cultivar (Dorothy, Boludo, Dominique, Thomas, and Dunkan), agricultural practices, climatic factors, and their interactions. Significant differences were analyzed using a one‐way ANOVA. All samples were collected and assayed at the same degree of ripeness. In the conventional and organic tomato samples, those harvested from December to April had the highest concentrations of fructose, glucose, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, protein, Na, and Mg, while those harvested in October had the highest concentrations of lycopene and hydroxycinnamic acid. There were high concentrations of Ca, P, Zn, and Cu in the no‐soil tomatoes. Conventional and organic cultivation practices showed similar results with respect to the collection period, both presenting high organic compound concentrations, while high mineral concentrations seemed to correspond to the no‐soil practice. No clear pattern was observed among the different cultivars, perhaps due to all the samples having been collected at the same degree of ripeness.     

陕北黄土区植被特征对坡面微地形的响应

为掌握陕北黄土区不同植被特征对坡面微地形的响应,以陕西省吴起县合沟流域半阴、半阳2个坡向的原状坡及其5种微地形为研究对象,分析对比不同坡向各类微地形的物种组成、草本生物量、植被盖度及植物多样性特征.结果表明:1)各类微地形植物群落的物种组成、植被盖度、草本生物量及植物多样性指数多优于原状坡,其中切沟和塌陷的植被状况最优,其次为浅沟和缓台,陡坎最差;2)各类微地形植物群落的Simpson指数与Shannon-Wiener指数变化趋势一致,均为切沟＞塌陷＞缓台＞浅沟＞陡坎＞原状坡,其中切沟和塌陷的植物群落所处的自然演替阶段高于其他微地形;3)经过15年自然恢复,半阳坡形成以星毛委陵菜、赖草等多年生草本植物为优势种的植物群落,半阴坡形成以铁杆蒿、茭蒿等地带性多年生草本植物为优势种的植物群落,半阴坡各类微地形植物群落的物种组成状况、草本生物量、植被盖度以及植物多样性特征指数均优于半阳坡.掌握不同微地形植被配置的差异,有助于提高陕北黄土区植被恢复措施的有效性和持续性.     

土壤磷酸盐氧同位素分析方法和应用研究进展

在一定温度下磷酸盐和周边水体氧的同位素分馏仅受生物活动控制,因此磷酸盐氧同位素成为生态系统中磷源和磷循环研究的良好示踪剂。介绍了磷酸盐氧同位素研究应用的理论基础和近几年来针对土壤富含有机质,氧元素来源多样的特点发展起来的土壤磷酸盐氧同位素的分析和纯化方法,综述了磷酸盐氧同位素在土壤磷源示踪和磷循环应用研究中的初步进展,并提出目前研究存在的局限和对未来工作的展望。     

初始pH值对鸡骨素酶解液Maillard反应产物的影响

以鸡骨素酶解液为原料,研究了不同初始p H值条件下,添加木糖、半胱氨酸及硫胺素制备的Maillard反应产物(MRPs,maillard reaction products)在热反应过程中的特性变化。研究表明,p H值差异引起各体系氨基酸和总糖初始含量及变化趋势差异,p H值5、7和9体系反应终点多肽含量分别为100.11、100.01、104.55 mg·m L-1;与其它2个体系相比,p H值9体系分子量为2.3、1.39k Da的峰消失,出现峰面积较大的2.95k Da峰和较小的1.04k Da峰,褐变程度为p H值7体系的1.7倍;随着p H值升高,不同体系的MRPs风味主成分存在一定差异,p H值7体系的有机硫化物电子鼻响应值约为其它两个体系的1.6倍,p H值9体系的氮氧化物响应值最大。不同初始p H值影响添加物的含量及状态,导致各体系Maillard反应历程不同,引起MRPs化学组分的差异。本研究为鸡骨素酶解液MRPs风味及功能组分生成机制的研究及鸡骨高值化衍生产品的开发提供一定理论参考。