长期施肥对红壤磷组分及活性酸的影响

以12年的红壤长期肥力监测定位试验不同处理土壤为材料,研究了连续施肥对土壤磷组分、土壤对磷吸附解吸、土壤活性酸铝的影响。连续施用化学磷肥和化肥加有机肥,均可提高土壤全磷、无机磷数量。施用有机肥料,土壤中的磷以Ca-P和Al-P积累为主要表现形式,化学磷肥的施用能够提高土壤的全磷,并以Al-P增幅为最大,在所有处理中均表现为土壤O-P相对稳定。有机肥料处理土壤对外源磷的吸附强度明显少于施用化学磷肥和不施用磷肥的处理,有机肥料能够显著提高吸附磷的再利用,在NPKM处理中解吸磷占吸附磷的47.72%,M处理中占42.89%,其它处理中解吸磷占吸附磷数量一般少于8%。MNPK、M处理的PFI为2.51、2.69比N、NP处理4.53、4.37明显降低。在红壤旱地长期施用化学肥料,土壤交换性酸铝成倍增加,土壤酸化严重;施用有机肥料、有机肥料与化学肥料配合施用,土壤交换酸铝表现稳定。     

Variation in the nutritional quality of rice straw and grain in response to different nitrogen levels

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) applied through urea is essential for rice crops and usually it is the most yield-limiting nutrient in irrigated rice production around the world. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen levels (0, 90,120, and 150?kg?ha^?1) on the nutritional quality of straw and grain of rice varieties, PR 111, PR 122, and Pusa 44. In rice straw, significant interaction between nitrogen levels and all proximate components was observed. Increase in nitrogen level increased the crude protein by 69.23% (dry matter basis) whereas the neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose content decreased by 7.82%, 11.18%, and 14.16%, respectively. In rice grain, crude protein content, starch content, and gel consistency were positively related to increase in nitrogen levels. Therefore, increase in nitrogen fertilization led to improved nutritive quality of both straw and grain for use as feed resource and human consumption, respectively.     

北柴胡不同器官化学成分含量的比较研究

分别对3个种源北柴胡在同地种植后收获期的根、茎、叶、花中的总黄酮、可溶性多糖、醇溶性浸出物和地上部分挥发油含量进行了测定和分析.结果表明,3个种源北柴胡不同器官化学成分存在差异,禹州种源北柴胡的叶片总黄酮含量最高,为0.41%;建昌种源北柴胡的根可溶性多糖含量最高,为2.1%,花醇溶性浸出物含量最高,为23.6%,地上...     

土壤磷酸盐氧同位素分析方法和应用研究进展

在一定温度下磷酸盐和周边水体氧的同位素分馏仅受生物活动控制,因此磷酸盐氧同位素成为生态系统中磷源和磷循环研究的良好示踪剂。介绍了磷酸盐氧同位素研究应用的理论基础和近几年来针对土壤富含有机质,氧元素来源多样的特点发展起来的土壤磷酸盐氧同位素的分析和纯化方法,综述了磷酸盐氧同位素在土壤磷源示踪和磷循环应用研究中的初步进展,并提出目前研究存在的局限和对未来工作的展望。     

不同处理全棉籽对泌乳牛养分消化率和生产性能的影响

本试验采用交叉设计,选择年龄、胎次、泌乳量、泌乳日龄都较接近的12头荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为6组,每组2头,进行为期45天的饲养试验,研究不同处理的全棉籽替代等量精料对泌乳牛养分消化率和生产性能的影响.结果表明:用2kg不同处理的全棉籽(脱绒、带绒、带绒压扁)等量替代精料后,三个不同处理全棉籽对泌乳牛养分消化率和生产性能的影响差异均不显著(P＞0.05).从CF和NDF的消化率来看,压扁带绒棉籽组有降低CF和NDF消化率的趋势.     

中华鲟幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化

研究中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化。实验设4个循环饥饿组(T1:饥饿1 d,饱食投喂3 d;T2:连续饥饿2 d,饱食投喂4 d;T3:连续饥饿4 d,饱食投喂6 d;T4:连续饥饿7 d,饱食投喂8 d)和1个对照组(T0:每天饱食投喂)。结果显示:在水温21.5～25.4℃条件下,T1组末重和特定生长率均超过对照组,表现为超补偿生长;T2组末重和特定生长率均接近对照组,表现为完全补偿生长,T1、T2组食物转化率均显著高于对照组;T3、T4组实际摄食水平均明显高于对照组,但表现为不能补偿生长。4个循环饥饿组幼鱼肝体比及脏体比均显著高于对照组。各组肌肉蛋白质和脂肪含量下降,同时水分和灰分含量上升;从饥饿2 d组开始,蛋白质和脂肪含量显著低于对照组,且蛋白质含量比脂肪含量下降幅度更大。     

不同新型水溶肥料对茶叶的增产效果及经济效益分析

【目的】探讨不同类型新型水溶肥料在云南茶叶生产上的应用效果,筛选出适合云南茶叶生产应用的新型水溶肥料。【方法】选用6种新型水溶肥料对供试品种云抗10号产量、品质、生化成分及经济效益进行研究,筛选出对该品种具有增产作用的新型水溶肥料。【结果】从产量性状与生化成分角度看,以喷施微量元素水溶肥料、含腐植酸水溶肥料、合氨基酸水溶肥料等效果较好,其中以微量元素水溶肥料增产效果最好,增产10．66％;从对茶叶品质影响和经济效益分析角度看,喷施含腐植酸水溶肥料的茶叶品质综合表现较好,较对照增加收入12153．55元／hm2,产投比为30．0：1。【结论】综合产量、品质和经济效益三方面的效果,建议茶叶生产上推荐使用含腐植酸水溶肥料、含氨基酸水溶肥料、微量元素水溶肥料等较好。     

全营养混合基质理化性质及其对人参果生长发育和产量的影响

研究了几种全营养混合基质的理化性质及其对人参果生长发育和产量的影响,结果表明:生活垃圾、羊粪、玉米秸杆、糠醛渣、肥沃土壤,容积比为0.20∶0.15:0.15:0.10:0.40,加入酵素菌速腐剂、人参果专用肥,发酵处理后配制成全营养混合基质有利于人参果的生长发育,与对照(传统土壤栽培)比较,容重降低0.31gcm-3,总孔度、毛管孔度、空气孔度分别增加11.71%、6.12%、5.59%;自然含水量、蓄水量分别增加106.93g kg-1、122.46m3hm-2;有机质、速效N、P、K、阳离子交换量分别增加16.70 g kg-1、29.97mg kg-1、11.37 mg kg-1、35.25 mg kg-1、5.73 cmol kg-1;人参果株高、茎粗、单果重、单株果重、产量、产值、利润分别增加21.70 cm、0.55 cm、43.29g、0.59kg/株、21.78 t hm-2、4.36万元hm-2、3.25万元hm-2。不同处理间的差异显著性经LSR检验达到显著和极显著水平。     

东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼食物组成的季节变化及随发育的变化

根据2006年7月～2008年12月采集于东海北部近海的棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)样品,共测定体长在23～157 mm范围内的棘头梅童鱼474 ind,应用卡方检验和聚类分析等方法,对棘头梅童鱼食物组成的季节变化及随个体发育的变化进行了分析。结果显示:东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼的食物种类夏季出现较多,春季出现较少;91～110 mm体长组出现较多,≤50 mm体长组和>130 mm体长组出现较少。食物多样性指数春季较高,秋季较低;≤50 mm体长组较低,>130 mm体长组较高,食物多样性指数随体长的增加而升高。卡方检验显示,棘头梅童鱼主要食物种类宽尾刺糠虾(Acanthomysis latiscauda)、中国毛虾(Aceteschinensis)、七星底灯鱼(Myctophum pterotum)和中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)的出现频率有极显著的季节变化,中华假磷虾(Pseudeuphausia sinica)的出现频率有显著的季节变化;宽尾刺糠虾和七星底灯鱼的出现频率随体长的变化极显著,而中国毛虾、中华假磷虾和中华哲水蚤的出现频率随体长的变化不显著。聚类分析结果表明,棘头梅童鱼春冬季、夏季和秋季三个时期的食物组成差异显著;体长聚类分两组,即体长>70 mm和≤70mm之间食物组成有明显差异。通过分析发现:东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼食物的季节变化与该海域饵料生物的季节变化密切相关;食物组成随发育的变化符合"最佳摄食理论",其饵料生物种类和大小随棘头梅童鱼体长的增加发生了显著的变化。     

Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows

Three, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows with initial body weight of 385 ± 19 kg were randomly allocated to 3 treatments of rice straw (T1 = untreated rice straw; T2 = 5.5% urea-treated rice straw (5 g urea in 100 ml water to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw); T3 = 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw (2.0 g urea and 2.0 g Ca(OH)₂ in 100 ml to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted for 21 days in which feed, feces and rumen fluid were collected during the last 7 days for chemical analyses. The findings revealed significant improvements in dry matter intake and digestibility by using 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. Ruminal pH and NH₃-N were found higher (P < 0.05) as compared with urea-treated rice straw fed group, while blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were in normal ranges. Volatile fatty acid concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (P < 0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (P < 0.05) in cows fed with 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, respectively. Moreover, ruminal viable and cellulolytic bacterial counts were enhanced by urea and calcium hydroxide treatments. Milk protein and fat concentrations were additionally increased by respective treatments while 3.5% fat-corrected milk was highest; ranking from 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and urea-treated rice straw fed groups. Based on this study, implications could be made that using 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw for straw treatment could be an alternative treatment to 5.5% urea treatment with regards to its effectiveness and treatment cost for lactating dairy cows.