Effects of dietary supplementation with freeze‐dried powder of Ampithoe sp. on the growth performance,energy metabolism,and ammonia‐nitrogen tolerance of the Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

This study evaluated the influence of dietary supplementation with freeze‐dried powder of Ampithoe sp. (FDPA) on the growth, energy metabolism, and resistance to ammonia‐nitrogen stress in Litopenaeus vannamei. There were four treatment groups: a 0% group (no FDPA addition), a 33% group, a 66% group (33% and 66% of the shrimp diet, respectively, replaced with FDPA), and a 100% group (only FDPA). The results of this study suggested a positive effect of FDPA supplementation on shrimp survival: the supplemented groups had significantly higher survival than the 0% group (p < 0.05). The body length, body weight, and specific growth rate (SGR) of the 33% group were higher than those of the other groups and were significantly higher than that of the 100% group (p < 0.05). FDPA feeding had a negative effect on carbohydrate metabolism pathways and energy consumption due to decreases in pyruvate kinase (PK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and respiratory electron transport system (ETS) activity in shrimp fed FDPA during the culture period. The shrimp in the 33% group exhibited good resistance to ammonia‐nitrogen stress. Additionally, the glycolysis pathway and energy consumption of shrimp in the 33% group were enhanced during the ammonia‐nitrogen stress period. Consequently, it was inferred that FDPA supplementation could improve the resistance of shrimp to ammonia‐nitrogen stress (in the 33% group), which might be related to the effects of the supplement on energy metabolism pathways, particularly in terms of enhancing glycolysis to provide sufficient energy for the stress response.     

Acoustic communication in fishes: Temperature plays a role

Temperature affects peripheral and central mechanisms of signal production and detection in ectothermic animals. This study reviews for the first time the effects of temperature on acoustic communication in fishes and analyses whether changes in sound properties are coupled to changes in auditory sensitivities. Effects of temperature on sound production have been studied in approximately one dozen families of teleosts. Calling activity increased or was unaffected by temperature, in the latter case probably because seasonal, daily and lunar rhythms also influence mating behaviour and calling. Sound characteristics (pulse repetition rate, fundamental frequency) are positively correlated with temperature if pulses are directly based on sonic muscle contractions. In fishes possessing other sonic mechanisms, the dominant frequency of their pulsatile pectoral sounds may increase as well. Auditory sensitivities were mainly determined in otophysines, which possess enhanced hearing abilities. Studies revealed that hearing increased with temperature, in particular at higher frequencies. We know close to nothing about whether temperature‐dependent changes in sound characteristics are coupled to changes in auditory sensitivity or mate choice. Female midshipman toadfish appear to choose males based on call frequency, which varies with temperature. Future studies need to address several topics: (i) temperature effects on sound production have to be separated from other sources of variation; (ii) effects on hearing need to be studied in many more taxa; (iii) potential negative effects of global warming on acoustic communication (because of temperature coupling) need to be investigated because fish constitute a major source of protein for humans.     

浙南室内水泥池刺参度夏试验

通过自然常温饲育和人工控温(23.6±0.5)℃的降温饲育,研究了3种规格体质量(10、20、50个/kg)刺参于浙江南部海区室内水泥池的度夏。结果表明,常温饲育下,3种规格的刺参体质量均呈负增长,且特定负生长率随着刺参体质量的增加而升高;降温饲育下,10个/kg与20个/kg体质量刺参组呈负增长,而50个/kg体质量刺参组略呈正增长,第30 d与第60 d的特定生长率分别为0.0496%与0.0513%。降温(23.6±0.5)℃饲育能有效提高刺参度夏时的存活率,有效降低刺参的特定负生长率,且刺参体质量越大,有效降低的体质量下降幅度也越大。在浙江南部海区室内水泥池养殖刺参,温度保持在(23.6±0.5)℃时,50个/kg的刺参不夏眠。     

光照强度和氮营养盐浓度对龙须菜生理代谢的影响

以龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)为材料,以无机氮(NO_3~-︰NH_4~+=2︰1)为氮源配制人工海水,将在低光低氮(L-N-)条件下培养的龙须菜部分给予高光照处理(L+N-),同时另一部分在给予高光照的同时给予更充足的氮源(L+N+),通过测定3种不同处理条件下物质积累、光合色素以及碳氮代谢中的关键酶等多种生理指标,探讨光照强弱与氮源多寡对龙须菜生理代谢的影响。结果表明,在低氮培养时,高光可使藻体可溶性蛋白、含水率、藻红蛋白和叶绿素a的含量下降,而可溶性糖含量上升13.67%;高光培养时,高氮使可溶性蛋白、含水率、藻红蛋白和叶绿素a的含量上升,而可溶性糖含量下降16.3%;相对于低光低氮(L-N-),高光高氮(L+N+)条件培养使藻体中可溶性蛋白和藻红蛋白含量增加,其含水率、叶绿素a和可溶性糖含量并无显著性差异(P0.05)。从上述结果可以看出,补充氮源能够在一定程度上消除高光照对藻体产生的影响,保证藻体基本生理状态不发生变化的情况下积累蛋白(氮源)。同时补充氮源使得谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶(SBPase)的表达均下调,也反映了光合作用所产生的三碳化合物在氮源充足的条件下主要流向了氮循环。而高光照并未对碳氮代谢关键酶的表达产生影响,可能通过直接破坏叶绿素a而影响藻体的光合作用。     

黄颡鱼的含肉率及鱼肉营养评价

本文报道了黄颡鱼的含肉率及鱼肉生化成分的测定结果。黄颡鱼含肉率平均为６７．５３％。鱼肉蛋白质、脂肪含量分别为１５．３７％和１．６１％。１７种氨基酸总量为１４．１９％,其中７种必需氨基酸含量为５．ｇｙ％。必需氨基酸量占氨基酸总量的百分比、必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值均超过ＷＨＯ／ＦＡＯ提出的标准。必需氨基酸指数为７４．３４。     

Effects of feeding rates on growth and production of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp polycultured in fertilized ponds

Abstract In an attempt to identify appropriate feeding rates for multispecies of fish raised in fertilized earthen ponds, the present work was conducted over a 19‐week experimental period to establish the growth performance, production and body composition of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp fed 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, 5.0% biomass and to apparent satiation (treatments). Twelve ponds were stocked with a similar number and weight of each fish species. Two ponds were assigned to each of the treatments, and a 25% protein pelleted fish feed was used to feed fish at the specified rate of feeding. At the end of the experiment, growth, weight gain, survival, yield and body composition of fish groups were affected by the treatments. The economic effectiveness also varied among treatments. The most conspicuous attribute of the feeding rates was its lack of influence on growth (g day^?1), weight gain (g per fish), yield (kg ha^?1) or body composition of silver carp. The results of whole‐body proximate analysis indicated that various feeding rates had either an irregular pattern or no effects on the protein and ash gain per 100 g of fish body weight (bw) gain. The most notable exceptions were significant (P < 0.05) increases in body fat and gross energy gains in Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp accompanied by decreases in percentages of moisture (but not in silver carp) as feeding rate increased. Among the six different feeding levels, feeding to apparent satiation (feed amount was equivalent to 2.67% of fish bw day^?1) appeared to be optimal, as it significantly (P < 0.05) supported the highest fish production, income and net profit compared with all other treatments except for the 3% feeding level, for which the differences in those measurements were comparable.     

小黑麦性能的影响因素

综述小黑麦产量和品质方面潜在的生理学和酶学机理,同时探讨不同农艺措施对小黑麦产量和品质的影响,为进一步挖掘小黑麦的潜能提供借鉴。     

包膜氮肥配施不同用量钾肥对多年生黑麦草植株生理指标及产量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究包膜氮肥配施不同用量钾肥对多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)生长特性及产量的影响,以期明确适宜黑麦草生长的最佳施肥配比。结果表明,与普通尿素相比,包膜氮肥显著提高了黑麦草植株SPAD值、株高、叶面积、净光合速率(P <0.05),明显延长了黑麦草绿期,防止早衰。施用等量钾肥条件下,包膜氮肥处理比普通尿素处理4次刈割的SPAD值分别提高11.2%、 6.9%、 33.6%和195.2%,株高分别增加14.1%、 6.0%、 25.1%和85.4%。包膜氮肥处理较普通尿素处理的干草产量提高了12.4%～25.0%。包膜氮肥配施中量钾肥处理能最大程度增加叶面积指数和净光合速率,提高黑麦草产量,因此推荐作为最佳施肥配比,为黑麦草的氮钾肥合理施用提供理论依据。     

Improving management for higher reproduction accelerates genetic improvement in closed herd of swine

The present study compared responses to selection at different conception rates and litter sizes at weaning in a simulated closed herd in a swine breeding program. The base population consisted of 10 males and 50 females, and 10 generations of selection was practiced by using individual phenotype or best linear unbiased prediction of breeding values for a trait with heritability (h²) of either 0.2 or 0.5. The probability of conception in a single mating was assumed to be 0.8, 0.9 or 1.0. Litter size at weaning was sampled randomly from a normal distribution with mean 8, 10 or 12 and variance 8.1225. Genetic response increased by approximately 6% for h² = 0.2 and approximately 5% for h² = 0.5 at generation 10 when conception rate was increased from 0.8 to 1.0. However, litter size at weaning did not affect response to selection. In conclusion, improving conception rate by environmental management increases genetic response indirectly in a breeding program of a closed swine herd.     

封育年限对伊犁绢蒿荒漠土壤有机氮组分的影响

为探究荒漠土壤有机氮组分对封育年限的响应规律,研究了不同封育年限(封育时间为0、1、4和11a)对中度退化伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transiliense)荒漠草地土壤全氮(total nitrogen,TN)、轻组氮(light fraction organic nitrogen,LFON)、颗粒氮(particulate organic nitrogen,PON)、微生物量氮(soil microbial biomass nitrogen,SMBN)及其分配比例的影响。结果表明,与封育0a相比,其它封育年限5-10、10-20、30-50cm土层的TN含量均显著降低(P0.05),且0-50cm土层TN含量随封育年限延长呈"降-升"趋势;封育11a,0-5cm土层PON含量达到最高,而封育4a,5-10和20-30cm土层PON分配比例显著增加;0-20cm土层LFON含量增加显著,且0-5cm土层含量最高。0-50cm土层SMBN随封育年限增加呈"降-升"趋势,而封育4a,5-10和20-30cm土层SMBN分配比例显著高于封育0a和封育1a(P0.05);0-10cm土层LFON和0-50cm土层LFONR与封育年限呈显著正相关。总之,短期封育(1~11a)下,中度退化伊犁绢蒿荒漠土壤全氮含量仍未得到恢复,但促进了LFON、PON、SMBN及其分配比例的增加。