摄食水平对黄颡鱼氮和能量收支的影响

在25℃、自然光照条件下,测定黄颡鱼在摄食水平为1/3饱食、2/3饱食和饱食时的氮和能量收支.结果显示,摄食水平对黄颡鱼的氮收支和能量收支均有显著影响,随着摄食水平的提高,生长氮和生长能的比例显著提高,排泄氮、粪氮和代谢能的比例显著下降,但在饱食2/3和饱食水平时,生长氮、生长能、排泄氮和代谢能比例差异都不显著.     

不同有机肥用量对黄瓜生长及养分吸收的影响

在温室基质栽培条件下,研究了配施等量化肥时不同用量有机肥对黄瓜生长及养分吸收的影响。试验采用有机肥系烘干鸡粪,所有供试肥料均以底肥形式一次施入。研究结果表明,高量有机肥处理(有机肥50,100 kg/m3)严重抑制了黄瓜定植初期的生长,黄瓜前期产量也明显低于不施或低量有机肥处理。随着施肥量的增加,黄瓜氮、磷、钾养分吸收量均显著增加。黄瓜定植后74 d,所有处理基质的速效氮养分均已处于极低的水平,黄瓜普遍出现缺肥症状。试验初步证明了长季节栽培条件下一次施用高量有机肥难以及时提供足量的速效氮源,无法满足蔬菜养分需求。     

不同浓度玉米生长调节剂对玉米氮代谢的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了不同浓度新型玉米生长调节剂对玉米氮代谢的影响．结果表明,不同浓度玉米生长调节剂对灌浆期玉米功能叶、茎秆中氮素的转运,功能叶硝酸还原酶与蛋白水解酶活性,功能叶和籽粒的谷氨酰胺合成酶与转化酶活性均有明显的促进作用,显著增加玉米产量、籽粒蛋白质含量及籽粒蛋白质产量．在调节剂的3个浓度中,以PGRCl较合理．PGRCl处理玉米籽粒的蛋白氮含量比对照提高0．83g／kg,籽粒产量比对照增加13．18％,籽粒蛋白质产量比对照增加19．59％．     

蘖穗肥氮素配比对水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响

在江苏沿江地区,以迟熟中粳品种通育粳1号为材料,研究了270 kg/hm2施氮量、有机氮肥占比40%作基肥施用情况下,分蘖肥和穗肥氮素配比对水稻产量、稻米品质及其氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:生育前期氮肥(蘖肥)比例提高,单位面积穗数增加,每穗粒数减少。在早施分蘖肥情况下,产量以蘖肥占比20%>10%>30%;蘖肥和穗肥不同配比对糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白率等品质指标的影响差异不显著,不同处理间的稻米直链淀粉含量存在较大差异,稻米蛋白质含量随穗肥比例提高而增加,当穗肥占50%时,稻米淀粉RVA谱出现显著变化,主要表现为峰值粘度降低、崩解值减少、消解值增大和糊化温度提高;大田促蘖和保蘖肥各占10%、促花占30%、保花占10%时,有利于协调水稻产量和稻米品质,同时具有较高的氮素利用率。     

基于主动冠层光谱仪的莴苣生物量及氮素营养状况估测

[目的]研究冠层光谱技术在蔬菜氮素营养诊断中应用的可行性和提高其准确性的方法,为推进蔬菜氮素营养管理与施肥推荐提供快速无损检测技术.[方法]以茎菜类蔬菜—莴苣(Lactuca sativa L.)为研究对象进行田间试验.设置5个化肥年施用梯度:0、108、162、216、270kg/hm2,在莴苣幼苗期、莲座期、茎形成...     

环境因子对中肋骨条藻生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了解温度、光照和磷酸盐及其交互作用对中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响,每个环境因子设置3个水平[温度:17、23、29℃;光照:80、120、160μmol photons/(m~2·s);磷酸盐:0.1、1、10μmol/L],考虑环境因子间的两两交互作用,采用L18(3~7)正交实验表安排室内培养实验,研究中肋骨条藻叶绿素a浓度和光合活性的变化。结果表明,3因素3水平的实验中,中肋骨条藻在10μmol/L磷酸盐浓度下叶绿素a峰值能达到较高水平,其中最优环境因子水平组合为23℃、120μmol photons/(m~2·s)、10μmol/L。在培养期间,磷酸盐浓度对中肋骨条藻叶绿素a峰值造成极其显著的影响(P0.01),温度、光照及两两间的交互作用未对叶绿素a峰值造成显著影响(P0.05)。中肋骨条藻在10μmol/L磷酸盐浓度下光合活性更高,但光能利用效率α并未随磷酸盐浓度表现出明显差异。当中肋骨条藻处于10μmol/L和1μmol/L磷酸盐浓度时,光照对最大量子产量F_v/F_m造成显著影响(P0.05);10μmol/L磷酸盐浓度下,F_v/F_m在80和120μmol photons/(m~2·s)光强下较高;在1μmol/L磷酸盐浓度下,F_v/F_m在120μmol photons/(m~2·s)光强下最低。     

Management strategies for forage rape (Brassica napus L. cv Goliath): Impact on dry-matter yield,plant reserves,morphology and nutritive value

Limited information is available on the grazing management principles of forage rape (Brassica napus L.), particularly in relation to grazing height and intensity and the impact of these on dry-matter (DM) yield and nutritive value. A glasshouse study was undertaken to investigate the effect of three defoliation heights (plant height at harvest; DH: 40, 70 and 90 cm; L, M and H DH respectively) and three defoliation intensities (height at which plants were cut; DI: 5, 20 and 35 cm of residual height; H, M and L DI respectively) on forage rape (cv Goliath) yield and nutritive value at two harvests (harvest 1, H1 and harvest 2, H2), and the impact of nitrogen (N) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserves on regrowth. Increasing DH from L to H increased estimated total DM yield (H1 plus H2) from 0.5 to 4.6 t DM/ha but DI did not affect yield. Dry-matter yield was optimized at 90 cm DH, but greater nutritive value was achieved by harvesting at lower levels of DH. Despite high in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD; 852–889 g/kg), harvesting at 90 cm DH could not meet the protein requirement of lactating dairy cows and harvesting at lower levels risks nitrate poisoning. Our results indicate the optimum DH may be between 70 and 90 cm DH, and 20 and 35 cm DI, which requires further studies.     

Establishment techniques affect productivity,nutritive value and atmospheric N2 fixation of two sunn hemp cultivars

Nitrogen fertilization is a common practice for sustaining forage production in forage systems in southeastern United States. Warm-season annual legumes may be an alternative forage to warm-season perennial grasses that do not require N fertilization. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) is a fast-growing, warm-season annual legume native to India and Pakistan. The objective of this 2-year study was to assess the herbage accumulation (HA), atmospheric N₂ fixation (ANF) and nutritive value of sunn hemp. Treatments were the factorial arrangement of two sunn hemp cultivars (“Crescent Sun” and “Blue Leaf”), three seeding rates (17, 28 and 39 kg seed/ha) and seed inoculation (inoculated or non-inoculated seeds), distributed in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Crescent sun had greater HA (3,218 vs. 1764 kg DM/ha) and ANF (41 vs. 25 kg N/ha). Blue leaf had greater crude protein (CP) (188 vs. 176 g/kg) and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) concentrations (564 vs. 531 g/kg) than crescent sun. Non-inoculated seed had greater CP than inoculated seed, 188 and 177 g/kg, respectively, and inoculation did not affect HA. Intermediate seeding rate (28 kg/ha) decreased HA (2002 kg DM/ha), while HA from high and low seeding rates (17 and 39 kg/ha, respectively) did not differ (2,863 and 2,615 kg DM/ha respectively). Planting non-inoculated crescent sun at 17 kg/ha seeding rate is a feasible management practice to produce sunn hemp in subtropical regions; however, inoculation should always be recommended for proper establishment.     

氮肥利用率的研究进展

为了提高作物的氮肥利用率,减少资源浪费、降低环境污染和提高作物产量提供科学依据。文章回顾了国内外近年来氮肥利用率的研究成果,从氮肥利用率的研究方法及影响因素等方面分析了氮肥利用率的研究历史、现状和存在问题。归纳得出中国氮肥利用率较低,施肥缺乏科学性,具体表现为氮肥施用量过大、氮肥挥发及硝化反硝化损失严重、施肥时期及施用量与作物氮素吸收规律不协调、肥料品种较单一等。建议结合测土配方施肥、实时监控管理等技术,合理地确定氮肥种类、用量、施用方式及时期,加强新型肥料及肥料增效剂等新技术的研发和推广,并注重作物氮高效品种资源的挖掘和应用,进而从土壤、肥料、品种、管理方式等多方面提高氮肥利用率。     

增施氮肥、硼肥对花期遮阴条件下玉米籽粒产量的影响

遮阴已成为影响夏玉米产量的重要因子,提高玉米耐阴性可为高产、抗逆栽培提供理论依据。以‘苏玉29’为试验材料,系统研究了小喇叭口期增施氮肥、硼肥缓解花期遮阴胁迫对夏玉米形态建成、物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明：遮阴处理降低了株高、茎粗、单株叶面积和干物质积累量,并延长了散粉吐丝间隔期。与遮阴处理比,小喇叭口期增施硼肥、氮肥不同程度提高了株高、茎粗、单株叶面积和干物质积累量,且同时增施硼肥、氮肥增幅最大。遮阴处理显著增加了秃尖长,降低了穗粒数和粒重,增施硼肥氮肥缓解了遮阴对突尖长、穗粒数和粒重的影响。增施硼肥、氮肥和同时增施硼肥、氮肥处理产量分别较遮阴处理提高36.7%、8.0%和43.1%。遮阴处理降低叶面积影响干物质积累,产量的降低与突尖增长、穗粒数较少和粒重降低有关。小喇叭口期增施硼肥和氮肥是缓解花期遮阴对产量不利影响的有效措施。 关键词：玉米;遮阴;氮肥;硼肥;产量;农艺性状