有机氮和无机氮配施对香料烟产值及上部叶品质的影响

在浙江绍兴烟区采用大田试验,研究了在等氮条件下,有机氮部分替代无机氮对香料烟产值及上部叶品质的影响。结果表明,在合适的有机氮和无机氮比例下,有利于香料烟的产量、产值及上等烟比例的提高,上部叶（A1）烟碱、总氮含量的减少,同时有利于上部烟叶总糖、还原糖、糖碱比、钾、氯、矿质元素的增加。对浙江绍兴烟区而言,有机氮和无机氮比例为50∶50时,香料烟产量、产值最高,上部烟叶的品质最好。     

水样中氮磷营养盐含量的稳定性及保存方法比较研究

对淡水和海水水样4个氮磷营养盐参数(NH3-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、PO4-P)的6种保存方法进行了对比研究。试验结果显示,对于淡水水样的NH3-N、PO4-P和海水水样的NH3-N、NO3-N在各保存时间的变化幅度,6种方法间有显著差异;在10d内,4℃加5ml/L氯仿处理,在针对氮磷营养盐测定的水样的保存上是有效的方法。     

氮肥形态对污泥农用土壤中重金属活性及玉米对其吸收的影响

采用根箱试验,研究了不同形态氮肥对污泥处理的根-土界面氮素转化、pH、重金属活性以及植物吸收重金属的影响.结果表明,铵态氮肥能降低根际土壤的pH,提高根际土壤中的重金属活性,促进玉米对重金属的吸收;而硝态氮的作用刚好相反.因此,氮肥形态的选择供应可作为控制作物对重金属吸收的一种措施.     

Short and long‐term distribution with depth of soil organic carbon and nutrients under traditional and conservation tillage in a Mediterranean environment (southwest Spain)

The impacts of tillage and cropping sequences on soil organic matter and nutrients have been frequently reported to affect the uppermost soil layers, but there is little published information concerning effects at greater depth. This article reports results on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), active carbon (AC), N, Olsen‐P and extractable K within 100 cm in short (4 yr) and long (16 yr) term experiments under different tillage systems. Short (TT₄) and long (TT₁₆) traditional tillage are compared with conservation tillage, reduced (RT₁₆) and non‐tillage (NT₄). The results show more accumulation of SOC in the near‐surface under RT₁₆ and NT₄ in both experiments compared with traditional tillage. Moreover, greater C content occurs to 40 cm depth in the long‐term experiment. The results demonstrate the importance of time on C accumulation, not only in near‐surface layers but also at greater depths. Active C is an indicator of the increase in soil quality in the long‐term experiment. This trend is only apparent for the first 10 cm in the short‐term experiment. Patterns in N, Olsen‐P and extractable K are similar to that of SOC. However, only extractable K is significantly greater in soil under conservation tillage (RT₁₆ and NT₄) after short and long periods. Potassium availability is a good indicator of the changes caused by tillage. Our results indicate that studies of soils at depth could be very useful in long‐term experiments to demonstrate the effect of conservation tillage on C and nutrient distribution.     

50年黑龙江省大豆遗传改良的产量及品质变化

本研究针对黑龙江省过去50年推广的大豆品种产量及品质变化进行研究。结果表明,品种推广年代与产量之间表现显著的线性回归关系,产量呈逐年增加的趋势,平均每年提高1．27％。产量的提高与英数、英粒数、粒数及收获指数密切相关,而与百粒重关系不大。经过50年的遗传改良,大豆蛋白质和脂肪含量变化不大,且品种间变异幅度较小。R2期（盛花期）叶氮含量、单株叶氮量、比叶氮及LAI（叶面积指数）与产量及品质关系不大,但此时期干物质重与产量里负相关关系,生育前期的干物质积累对产量的贡献不大。     

不同缓控释氮肥对连作春玉米产量及氮肥去向的影响

在山西省连作春玉米区连续4年设置大田定位试验,设置不施氮肥(CK)、一次性基施尿素(CU1)、追施尿素(CU2)、树脂包膜尿素(PCU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、多酶金缓释尿素(MEU)6个施肥处理,研究施用缓控释氮肥对春玉米产量、氮肥去向及氮素平衡的影响,为春玉米氮素养分的科学管理技术提供参考。结果表明:(1)缓控释氮肥处理能够明显提高春玉米产量,促进氮素吸收。与CU1处理相比,SCU、MEU、PCU和CU2处理可分别提高春玉米产量17.51%,9.88%,9.62%,9.48%,同时氮肥农学利用效率分别提高7.5,4.2,4.1,4.1 kg/kg。(2)不同缓控释氮肥处理的作物吸收肥料氮以及肥料氮在0-100 cm土层残留量之间存在显著差异。SCU、MEU、PCU、CU2和CU1的氮肥表观利用率分别为36.1%,32.5%,26.5%,26.7%,19.5%,肥料氮在0-100 cm土层残留量分别占施氮量的28.5%,31.6%,35.7%,35.5%,39.1%。此外,与一次性基施尿素相比,缓控释氮肥能够显著降低肥料氮的损失,SCU、MEU、PCU和CU2分别降低了22.65%,18.81%,8.99%,8.47%。(3)综合分析不同氮肥处理的农田氮素平衡,SCU处理的春玉米吸氮量最高,为261.5 kg/hm^2,其次是MEU,为253.5 kg/hm^2。SCU的0-100 cm土层残留量在缓控释氮肥中最低,为124.1 kg/hm^2,MEU和PCU分别为131.04,140.09 kg/hm^2。SCU处理的氮表观损失量最低,为106.3 kg/hm^2,MEU和PCU分别为111.6,125.1 kg/hm^2。在山西省春玉米主产区土壤上,缓控释氮肥能够显著促进春玉米对氮素的吸收,减少氮素损失。硫包衣尿素和多酶金缓释尿素的效果相对较好。     

Effects of Supplementing a Basal Diet of Chloris gayana Hay with One of Three Protein-rich Legume Hays of Cassia rotundifolia,Lablab purpureus and Macroptilium atropurpureum Forage on Some Nutritional Parameters in Goats

Growth and digestibility experiments were conducted on growing East African type goats offered Chloris gayana hay supplemented with one of three high-protein (119–128 g CP/kg DM) legume hays, Cassia rotundifolia (cassia), Lablab purpureus (lablab) or Macroptilium atropurpureum (siratro), and crushed maize to investigate the feed intake, digestibility, growth and urinary excretion of purine derivatives. Goats in the supplemented groups had higher total dry matter and nitrogen intakes and higher N retention and body mass gains than unsupplemented counterparts. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre were increased by protein supplementation. Animals on supplemented diets had higher fractional outflow rates of particulate matter from the rumen. The production of protein by ruminal microbes and the efficiency of microbial N production were increased by supplementation. It was concluded that a mixture of low-quality grass hay (61.9 CP/kg DM) and either cassia, lablab or siratro hay, and maize grain can provide a productive balanced diet for growing goats.     

人工降雨对稻田中氮磷动态变化的影响研究

在水稻黄熟期,通过对微区模拟稻田进行人工降雨试验,分析了60,48,17.4 mm/h 3个雨强处理(分别表示为y-b、y-m、y-s)条件下,不同滞水时间的田面水中氮磷的动态特征以及总氮、总磷的流失潜能,研究了不同雨强和滞水时间对稻田氮磷的减排效能。结果表明:(1)在3个雨强处理下,田面水中TN浓度在人工降雨后1 h为最高,y-s的田面水中TN浓度下降迅速;y-m和y-b的田面水积聚量较大,但在第5 d时其TN浓度也迅速下降到最低值。田面水中NH+4-N浓度整体水平较低,NO-3-N浓度总体水平较高,但随时间推移呈逐渐下降的趋势。(2)3个雨强处理的田面水中TP和DP浓度总体上表现为y-b>y-m>y-s,呈升-峰值-降的趋势。(3)降雨处理后若延迟排水时间至第5 d,模拟稻田的相对减排效能最大,可减少排放田面水中TN80.44%~94.14%。如延迟稻田排水时间到第3~5 d,y-b和y-m的田面水中TP的减排效能显著,可减少排放田面水中TP 9.95%~100.00%。     

灌溉与施氮对留茬免耕春小麦氮素吸收和氮肥损失的影响

在甘肃省石羊河流域绿洲灌区,采用裂区设计大田试验,研究不同灌溉量（常规灌溉（327 mm）、节水20%灌溉（261 mm）、节水40%灌溉（196 mm））和施氮量（0,140,221,300 kg/hm^2）对留茬免耕春小麦植株吸氮量、收获期土壤硝态氮（NO3^--N）含量和氮肥损失的影响。结果表明,在留茬免耕农田中,灌溉量从196 mm增加到327 mm,小麦籽粒含氮量从1.55%增加到1.71%,植株吸氮量从134 kg/hm^2增加到190kg/hm^2。当施氮量超过221 kg/hm^2时,籽粒含氮量、秸秆含氮量、植株吸氮量不再显著增加。施氮300,221,140 kg/hm^2处理的植株吸氮量比不施氮处理的分别提高47%,37%和18%;在春小麦收获期,土壤表层（0-60 cm）NO3^--N含量随灌溉量增加而减少,随施氮量增加而增加,灌溉和施氮对60 cm以下土壤NO3^--N含量影响不明显。与不施氮处理相比,施氮300,221,140 kg/hm^2的氮肥损失分别为186,137,94 kg/hm^2。     

洞庭湖红壤坡地减氮控磷对玉米产量和径流氮磷的影响

坡地氮磷流失是洞庭湖农业面源污染的重要来源。以湖南省湘阴县红壤坡耕地土壤为研究对象,通过田间小区试验,探讨玉米减量施肥对产量、化肥利用率和氮磷流失量的影响。结果表明,NP常规施肥量在减少20%范围内对玉米产量没有十分显著的影响,但达到30%时玉米表现减产。减量施肥不仅一定程度提高NP化肥肥效和肥料利用率,而且降低土壤NP流失量。氮的径流量减少了12.54%～28.68%,磷减少了1.3%～30.1%。在各种减量施肥处理中,以控释肥减氮处理效果最佳,有效减少农业面源污染。