一氧化氮信号途径参与草地早熟禾耐镉机制的研究

为探究信号分子一氧化氮（Nitric Oxide,NO）对镉（Cadmium,Cd）胁迫下草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）的调控机理,揭示草地早熟禾耐镉机理,本试验采取根施1000 μmol·L^-1氯化镉（Cadmium chloride hemidihydrate,CdCl₂·2.5H₂O）及叶面喷施NO合成酶抑制剂（L-硝基精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME））、硝酸还原酶抑制剂（钨酸钠（Tungstate））、NO清除剂（4-羧基苯-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑-1-氧-3-氧化物（cPTIO））处理草地早熟禾叶片,研究不同处理对草地早熟禾幼苗叶片生长及抗氧化酶活性、光合色素含量、丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）、游离脯氨酸、内源NO含量的影响。研究发现,镉胁迫下草地早熟禾内源NO含量增加,添加一氧化氮清除剂、一氧化氮合酶抑制剂、硝酸还原酶抑制剂可增加超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（Ascorbate peroxidase,APX）活性,降低过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）活性,增加叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、丙二醛含量,降低脯氨酸（Proline,Pro）含量、叶片相对含水量（Relative Water Content,RWC）和干物质量（Dry matter content）。结果表明,一氧化氮合酶途径可能是早熟禾合成NO的主要途径,内源NO可通过调节抗氧化酶活性、光合色素含量、游离脯氨酸含量等途径缓解镉胁迫。     

维生素E对附植前小鼠胚胎发育与一氧化氮生成的影响

为了探讨维生素E对一氧化氮(NO)的产生及其对早期胚胎发育的影响，用Griess试剂法检测了附植前小鼠胚胎中一氧化氮的生成情况。结果表明，附植前胚胎中有NO的产生，且从第1天到第3天有逐渐上升的趋势，第4天有所下降，用抗氧化剂维生素E处理后，NO的生成量下降，表明在附植前小鼠胚胎发育中维生素E对NO的产生可能起到一定的抑制作用。     

Selenium and vitamin E increases polymorphonuclear cell phagocytosis and antioxidant levels during acute mastitis in riverine buffaloes

Antioxidant, antiinflammatory and phagocytic activities were studied in milk polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) isolated from healthy buffaloes (group I) and during clinical mastitis with the treatment of Enrofloxacin alone (group II) and combined treatment with Enrofloxacin and Vitamin E plus selenium (group III). On days 0,3, 8 and 15 the milk Somatic cell count (SCC) were significantly higher in mastitic milk than in milk obtained from healthy buffaloes. In group II SCC decreased significantly on day 3 and day 8, however in group III reduction in SCC was observed on day 3, day 8 and day 15 (P < 0.05). The antiinflammatory activity was evaluated by determining nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) production in the milk PMNs before treatment and on day 8. NOx activity was significantly higher in mastitic milk than from healthy controls, both before and after treatment (P < 0.05). In group II and group III the activity decreased significantly on day 8 (P < 0.05). The Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was estimated in the milk polymorphonuclear cell (PMNs) supernatant. GSH-Px activity was significantly lower in mastitic buffaloes than in healthy controls, both before and after treatment (P < 0.05). In group II levels did not change in response to treatment, whereas in group III levels had increased significantly on day 8 (P < 0.05). The phagocytic activity (PA) (percentage of neutrophil that had phagocytosed 1–6 bacteria) and phagocytic index (PI) (average number of bacteria/ leukocytes counted in 100 cells) of the milk PMNs was significantly lower in mastitic buffaloes (P < 0.05). In group II the PA and PI did not change in response to treatment, whereas in group III both the parameters had increased significantly on day 8 (P < 0.05). The results of the present experiment indicated enhancement of antioxidative and cellular defense and reduction of somatic cell count in the mastitic animals treated with Enrofloxacin and Vitamin E plus Selenium as compared to the Enrofloxacin treatment alone. Hence Vitamin E plus selenium therapy may be added along with the antibiotics for effective amelioration of intramammary infection in buffaloes.     

Mechanisms Involved in the Growth Promotion of Weaned Piglets by High-level Zinc Oxide

Dietary supplementation with high levels of zinc oxide (ZnO) is an effective method to prevent diarrhea and promote growth in weaned piglets. However, the mechanisms behind these beneficial effects are not well understood. Recent advances in this field indicated that the effects of ZnO on piglet growth are achieved through multiple regulatory pathways rather than a single pathway. This review focuses on recent advances in the effects of high level ZnO on:1) Zn status in weaned piglets;2) intestinal microbe flora regulation;3)intestinal structure and function;4 )ion secretion in the intestine epithelium;5) intestinal immunology; and 6) secretion of brain-intestine peptides. ZnO appears to regulate the intestinal microflora and decreases the release of histamine to prevent diarrhea. ZnO also increases the expression of intestinal insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the IGF-1 receptor to ameliorate intestinal injury associated with weaning, and mediates secretion of brain-gut peptides to stimulate food intake, to promote the growth of piglets. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms should inspire us to supplement the diet for weaned piglets with ZnO and investigate new approaches to prevent diarrhea and enhance growth.     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛氮平衡和能量平衡的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁,体况良好,体重(500±20)kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛。采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100 g/d)、丙酸(87 g/d)和氧化镁(24 g/d)对西门塔尔牛氮平衡和能量平衡的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁后,各组采食氮、采食总能、粪能、尿能、气体能、产热量、消化能/采食能差异均不显著(P>0.05);丙酸镁组粪氮较对照和氧化镁组显著降低(P<0.05);处理组尿氮较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),处理组间差异不显著(P>0.05);丙酸镁和丙酸组可消化氮和沉积氮、代谢能和沉积能较对照和氧化镁组显著提高(P<0.05),氧化镁组沉积氮较对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。丙酸镁组消化能、沉积能/消化能和沉积能/采食能较对照和氧化镁组显著提高(P<0.05)。丙酸镁降低了粪氮和尿氮,提高了可消化氮、沉积氮、消化能、代谢能、沉积能、沉积能/消化能、沉积能/采食能,改善了氮平衡和能量平衡。     

Time-course comparison of pulmonary inflammation induced by intratracheal instillation of four different nickel oxide nanoparticles in male Fischer rats

Occupational exposure to nickel oxide (NiO) is an important cause of respiratory tract cancer. Toxicity is known to be associated with the dissociated component, i.e. nickel (II) ions. To address the relationship between physicochemical properties, including solubility in artificial lysosomal fluid, of NiO and time-course changes in the pulmonary response, we conducted an intratracheal instillation study in male Fischer rats using four different well-characterized NiO products, US3352 (NiO A), NovaWireNi01 (NiO B), I small particle (NiO C), and 637130 (NiO D). The NiOs were suspended in purified water and instilled once intratracheally into male F344 rats (12 weeks old) at 0 (vehicle control), 0.67, 2, and 6 mg/kg body weight. The animals were euthanized on days 3, 28, or 91 after instillation, and blood analysis, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) testing, and histopathological examination were performed. The most soluble product, NiO B, caused the most severe systemic toxicity, leading to a high mortality rate, but the response was transient and surviving animals recovered. The second-most-soluble material, NiO D, and the third, NiO A, caused evident pulmonary inflammation, and the responses persisted for at least 91 days with collagen proliferation. In contrast, NiO C induced barely detectable inflammation in the BALF examination, and no marked changes were noted on histopathology. These results indicate that the early phase toxic potential of NiO products, but not the persistence of pulmonary inflammation, is associated with their solubility.     

一氧化氮对肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征的影响

肺动脉压升高是肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征(PHS)的重要发病机制。近年来研究表明一氧化氮(NO)在PHS发生发展中发挥着重要作用。本文论述了NO对肉鸡PHS发病过程的影响。一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和NO活性在PHS早期升高而后期下降。NO具有强大的扩张血管的作用,但在PHS过程中,NO合成相对不足,导致肺血管舒缩失衡,引起肺动脉压升高。肺血管重构是肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征的重要病理学变化特征,而NO可促进肺小动脉平滑肌细胞凋亡,在一定程度上抑制肺血管重构的形成。NO作为自由基对机体造成的损伤也是引起PHS的原因之一。在肉鸡日粮中补充NO前体物L-精氨酸可以增加内源性NO的生成,有助于降低PHS的发病率。     

桑椹素对老龄小鼠肾阳虚症状的疗效试验

为进一步开发桑椹的药用保健功能,研究了桑椹素对老龄肾阳虚小鼠肾损伤的保护作用,并对其机制进行了探讨。将雄性老龄小鼠随机分为正常组和模型组,桑椹素低、中、高剂量组(0.1、0.2、0.4 g/kg)和补肾填精丸组(0.35 g/kg),测定小鼠血清、肾脏一氧化氮(NO)含量变化,观察小鼠肾脏组织结构病理变化。结果表明,模型小鼠以0.2、0.4 g/kg剂量桑椹素灌胃可明显改善肾阳虚症状,显著提高血清、肾脏NO含量,减轻氢化可的松引起的肾脏损害。其作用机制之一可能是通过提高肾脏NO的合成,增加肾血流量和肾小球滤过率,从而减轻对肾脏的损害。     

白头翁汤及其主要成分对LPS诱导内皮细胞分泌NO、E-selectin和IL-8的影响

拟探讨白头翁汤及其主要成分对细菌内毒素(LPS)导致的机体炎症等病理损伤的治疗作用.培养内皮细胞至单层融合状态,加入内毒素刺激,3h后加入高、中、低3种浓度的8种药物,继续培养21 h后收集细胞上清液,用ELISA方法测定NO、E-selectin和IL-8的含量.结果显示,白头翁汤高剂量组、白头翁素高剂量组和小檗碱高剂量组的NO含量极显著低于LPS对照组(P＜0.01),白头翁汤中剂量组、白头翁素中剂量组、小檗碱中剂量组和秦皮乙素高剂量组显著低于LPS对照组(P＜0.05);白头翁汤高剂量组和药根碱高剂量组的E-selectin含量极显著低于LPS对照组(P＜0.01),白头翁皂苷B4高剂量组、小檗碱高剂量组和药根碱中剂量组显著低于LPS对照组(P＜0.05);秦皮乙素高剂量组的IL-8含量极显著低于LPS对照组(P＜0.01),白头翁汤高剂量组、秦皮甲素高剂量组和中剂量组、秦皮乙素中剂量组显著低于LPS对照组(P＜0.05).结果提示白头翁汤及其主要成分具有明显的抗细菌内毒素作用,可在由NO、E-selectin和IL-8介导的机体炎症等病理损伤过程中发挥治疗作用.