土壤有效硫测定时标准曲线绘制方法的研究

用硫酸钡比浊法测试土壤有效硫,绘制硫标准曲线时,低浓度的一端不成直线,所以标准曲线达不到技术要求,测试结果准确度很低．经过严格的试验设计和定量分析研究,结果表明,用多项式绘制的标准曲线相关性要明显高于用直线回归方程绘制的标准曲线。     

羊喉骨中硫酸软骨素提取工艺研究

以羊喉骨为原料,采用中性盐—弱碱方法提取硫酸软骨素,通过对浸提温度、盐解温度,乙醇沉淀浓度等因素对产品质量的影响研究,确定了羊喉骨中硫酸软骨素提取的适宜工艺条件,即浸提温度40℃,盐解温度90℃,乙醇沉淀浓度70%时,产品得率为7.6%,含量为84.9%,澄清度0.018,氮含量2.97%,产品合格。     

Causes for soil sickness affecting early plant growth in aerobic rice

In aerobic rice, adapted varieties are grown in non-flooded and non-saturated soil. In the Philippines, occasional poor crop growth and yield failures have been reported. To investigate the underlying causes, we conducted 3 pot experiments using the aerobic rice variety Apo and so-called “sick soil” from a field where aerobic rice failed in four successive dry seasons. The (experimental) aerobic rice crop replaced the farmer's practice of wet-season lowland rice and dry season sweet potato cropping. We hypothesized that abiotic factors, especially the inter-relationship between high soil pH and impaired micronutrient uptake, restrict plant growth, and that ammonium sulfate has an ameliorating effect. Experiment 1 used “sick soil” collected from around yellowing and dying plants in a field experiment with aerobic rice yield failure, and “healthy soil” collected from around well-growing plants in the same field. We used three N fertilizer treatments (ammonium sulfate, urea, no application) and two soil water conditions (well drained and water-logged). In experiment 2, the treatments were a combination of sick and healthy soil, N fertilizer, soil acidification, and foliar application of Fe. Experiment 3 compared the irrigation water used at the experimental field site with reverse-osmosis water. Irrigation with water from the field site increased soil pH, impaired plant growth, and induced chlorosis. The application of ammonium sulfate reduced soil pH to values below 6 and increased plant micronutrient (Fe, Mn and Zn) contents and plant growth. In early vegetative plant growth, the high soil pH appeared to be the key determinant of “sick soil”, while root knot nematodes were most likely secondary causes for poor plant growth.     

Intrafiber distribution of aluminum components in alum-treated handsheets

The distribution of aluminum components in cross sections of pulp fibers for alum-treated handsheets was successfully measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. In this case, gas-phase osmium coating of paper samples is necessary for the samples to have improved stability to long-term irradiation by electron beams at high magnification during the SEM-EDX measurements. The EDX line-analysis method was superior to the elemental mapping image method in the quantification of aluminum components. According to the SEM-EDX measurement for handsheets prepared from a pulp suspension by adding 2% (on dry weight of pulp) aluminum sulfate, the aluminum components were distributed almost homogeneously in the cross sections of pulp fibers. Aluminum species with smaller sizes than those of A1(OH)₃ flocs could probably penetrate the pulp fibers. Thus, aluminum components present only at the pulp fiber surfaces may contribute to retention of colloidal substances in pulp suspensions. From this aspect, a large amount of aluminum components present in the inside pulp fibers may be wasted.This report was presented at the 49th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society at Tokyo, April 1997     

Dose-Confirmation of Copper Sulfate for Treating Fungus on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,Eggs at a Commercial Hatchery

This study at a commercial hatchery was required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to provide independent substantiation of the results of previous laboratory dose-confirmation studies on the use of copper sulfate (CuSO₄) to control fungus (Saprolegnia spp.) on the eggs of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. The study compared an untreated control group of eggs to eggs treated with 10 mg/L CuSO₄ in a flow-through system; mean water temperature was 23.5°C. Eggs were treated once daily until the embryos reached the eyed stage (5 treatments). Hatching was complete by day 11, and fry were counted to determine the percentage of survival in each treatment. Fungus was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as Saprolegnia spp. The mean survival in the control treatments was 4% and 40% in the CuSO₄ treatments; the latter survival was significantly higher, but still lower than normal. This study confirms that 10 mg/L CuSO₄ is an effective treatment to control fungus on catfish eggs when used daily until the eggs are eyed. However, continued treatment of eggs until hatching occurs may be warranted based on fungal growth rates observed after treatments were discontinued.     

普鲁卡因青霉素－硫酸双氢链霉素混悬剂对猪链球菌病的临床药效观察

本研究报道了普鲁卡因青霉素－硫酸双氢链霉素混悬剂对试验性感染猪链球菌病的临床药效学。以试管2倍稀释法测得兰氏C群类马链球菌对青霉素、恩诺沙星的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别是0.0313、0.5 mg/L。肌注给药对猪链球菌病的试验性治疗结果表明,低、中、高剂量普鲁卡因青霉素－硫酸双氢链霉素混悬剂组(0.05、0.1、0.2 mL/kg体重,每毫升混悬剂含普鲁卡因青霉素、硫酸双氢链霉素200000 IU和250000 IU)及恩诺沙星组(2.5 mg/kg体重)用药3 d,对猪链球菌病的治愈率分别是60%、80%、90%及60%,而链球菌感染对照的死亡率为70%。     

Relative bioavailability of tribasic zinc sulfate for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet

An experiment was carried out to investigate the relative bioavailability of tribasic zinc(Zn) sulfate relative to Zn sulfate for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet. A total of 504 1-d-old Arbor Acres commercial male chicks were randomly assigned by body weight of birds to one of seven treatments involving a 2×3 factorial arrangement with three levels of added Zn(30, 60, or 90 mg of Zn kg–1) and two Zn sources(tribasic Zn sulfate and Zn sulfate) plus a control with no added Zn for an experimental phase of 14 d. Plasma Zn, tibia ash Zn, pancreas Zn, and pancreas metallothionein(MT) messenger RNA(m RNA) were analyzed at 6 or 14 d of age post-hatching. The results showed that plasma Zn, tibia ash Zn, pancreas Zn, and pancreas MT m RNA increased linearly(P0.002) as dietary Zn concentration increased at 6 or 14 d of age. The R2 for a linear model was greater on d 6 than on d 14 for the above 4 responsive criteria, and among these indices, the fitting of the tibia ash Zn concentration was the best(R2=0.99). Therefore, based on slope ratios from the multiple linear regressions of the above 4 indices of the birds at 6 d of age on daily intake of dietary Zn, the bioavailabilities of tribasic Zn sulfate relative to Zn sulfate(100%) were 95.6%(P=0.18), 83.5%(P=0.01), 87.9%(P=0.53), and 75.9%(P=0.38) for the tibia ash Zn, pancreas Zn, plasma Zn, and pancreas MT m RNA, respectively. The results indicated that generally, Zn from tribasic Zn sulfate was as available as Zn from Zn sulfate for broilers.     

A single amino acid substitution in puroindoline b impacts its self-assembly and the formation of heteromeric assemblies with puroindoline a

Puroindolines (PINs) A and B were purified from soft (Paledor) and hard (Recital, Courtot) wheat cultivars. Their purity and heterogeneity due to post-translational processing were characterized by SDS- and acid-PAGE, reversed-phase HPLC and mass spectrometry. By using dynamic light scattering (DLS), asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), we showed that the size distributions of PINA are similar for the three varieties and that, in solution, they self-assembled into small aggregates, mainly dimers. Conversely, PINB isolated from hard varieties (PINB-D1b and PINB-D1d) are assembled into large aggregates while PINB-D1a formed small aggregates, mainly monomers. Mixed solutions of PINA and PINB formed heteromeric aggregates. The large PINB-D1b aggregates were retained even at a high (4:1) PINA/PINB weight ratio. Reversible dissociation of large aggregates into small aggregates suggested that weak interactions control the self-assembly of PINs. The aggregative properties of PINs have now to be taken into account when studying their interactions with other components to decipher the causal relationships between these proteins and grain hardness.     

添加玉米秸秆和硫酸铝对淡黑钙土化学性质的影响

基于吉林省淡黑钙土地区玉米秸秆还田低效率的状况,采用恒温培养方法,研究玉米秸秆还田配施硫酸铝改良剂对土壤培肥改良效果。结果表明,玉米秸秆和硫酸铝改良剂的添加对土壤固定有机碳具有促进作用,玉米秸秆和硫酸铝改良剂的添加对土壤p H值和碳酸盐含量具有降低作用,其中,硫酸铝改良剂添加对两者的影响起到了主导作用,而秸秆次之;秸秆和硫酸铝改良剂的添加对土壤阳离子交换量也有一定的提升作用,且土壤中有机碳含量与阳离子交换量呈显著正相关。     

Activation of the Silent Secondary Metabolite Production by Introducing Neomycin-Resistance in a Marine-Derived Penicillium purpurogenum G59

Introduction of neomycin-resistance into a marine-derived, wild-type Penicillium purpurogenum G59 resulted in activation of silent biosynthetic pathways for the secondary metabolite production. Upon treatment of G59 spores with neomycin and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a total of 56 mutants were obtained by single colony isolation. The acquired resistance of mutants to neomycin was testified by the resistance test. In contrast to the G59 strain, the EtOAc extracts of 28 mutants inhibited the human cancer K562 cells, indicating that the 28 mutants have acquired the capability to produce bioactive metabolites. HPLC-photodiode array detector (PDAD)-UV and HPLC-electron spray ionization (ESI)-MS analyses further indicated that diverse secondary metabolites have been newly produced in the bioactive mutant extracts. Followed isolation and characterization demonstrated that five bioactive secondary metabolites, curvularin (1), citrinin (2), penicitrinone A (3), erythro-23-O-methylneocyclocitrinol (4) and 22E-7α-methoxy-5α,6α-epoxyergosta-8(14),22-dien-3β-ol (5), were newly produced by a mutant, 4-30, compared to the G59 strain. All 1–5 were also not yet found in the secondary metabolites of other wild type P. purpurogenum strains. Compounds 1–5 inhibited human cancer K562, HL-60, HeLa and BGC-823 cells to varying extents. Both present bioassays and chemical investigations demonstrated that the introduction of neomycin-resistance into the marine-derived fungal G59 strain could activate silent secondary metabolite production. The present work not only extended the previous DMSO-mediated method for introducing drug-resistance in fungi both in DMSO concentrations and antibiotics, but also additionally exemplified effectiveness of this method for activating silent fungal secondary metabolites. This method could be applied to other fungal isolates to elicit their metabolic potentials to investigate secondary metabolites from silent biosynthetic pathways.