Carbon and Nitrogen Contents in Typical Plants and Soil Profiles in Yanqi Basin of Northwest China

Carbon and nitrogen are the most important elements in the terrestrial ecosystem. Studying carbon and nitrogen distributions in plant and soil is important for our understanding of the ecosystem dynamics and carbon cycle on arid lands. A study was conducted in a typical arid area, the Yanqi Basin, Northwest China. Carbon and nitrogen distributions in plant tissues and soil profiles were determined at 21 sites with typical native plants and crops. Our results indicated that carbon content was similar between crops and native plants, and the average carbon contents in aboveground （42.4%） and belowground （42.8%） tissues were almost the same. Average nitrogen contents in crops were nearly the same （~0.7%） in aboveground and belowground tissues whereas mean nitrogen content was approximately 100% higher in aboveground （2.2%） than in belowground （1.2%） tissues for native species. Soil organic carbon （SOC） and total nitrogen （TN） in cropland （9.4 and 0.9 g kg^-1） were significantly higher than those in native land （6.2 and 0.7 g kg^-1）. Multiple regression analyses indicated that carbon content in belowground tissue and nitrogen content in aboveground tissue were key factors connecting plant and soil in native land. However, there was no significant relationship for carbon or nitrogen between soil and crop, which might reflect human disturbance, such as plowing and applications of various organic materials.     

长三角城市乡土树种的天然林木群落分析与应用

长三角城市群园林绿化程度很高,但一些城市仍缺少乡土树种特色,危及生态系统稳定。长三角地跨北、中两个亚热带,有三类林木群落组成,即含有常绿阔叶树种的落叶阔叶林、落叶常绿阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林。长三角范围乡土树种丰富,城市绿化以乡土树种为主,应大力推广应用。     

苏丹草饲养应用技术研究

苏丹草作为一种优质的禾本科牧草,其应用广泛,不仅在畜牧业中应用,而且作为珍贵野生动物的保护基地动物园中也在大量应用,对苏丹草应用过程中的细节问题进行了简单的总结。     

能源草发酵产沼气的研究进展

针对当前世界能源的利用情况,分析了能源草经厌氧发酵生产生物质能——沼气的可行性,并从能源草的资源收集及培育、原料草种植及收获、原料预处理、微生物接种物类别、发酵条件控制以及气体成分分析等6个方面综述了国内外的研究进展,并对其发展前景做出展望。     

生草栽培方式对坡地果园氮磷流失的控制效果

采用径流小区法,研究自然生草和低、中、高不同施肥水平下人工生草的栽培方式对果园土壤流失量、径流量及氮磷面源污染的控制效果．结果表明：（1）自然生草和人工生草处理均可极显著降低果园径流总氮、可溶性总氮、氨态氮和硝态氮的含量及流失量,且自然生草与人工生草处理问的差异显著,而不同施肥水平下人工生草处理间的差异不显著;（2）自然生草和人工生草处理均可极显著降低果园径流总磷和可溶性磷的含量,不同施肥水平下人工生草处理均可极显著降低径流总磷和可溶性磷的流失量,且低、中、高肥处理间的差异不显著;（3）人工生草和自然生草处理的土壤流失量分别只有清耕处理（对照）的2．44％-2．96％和13．26％,均可极显著降低土壤流失量,人工生草处理的保土效果不同施肥水平间的差异不显著;（4）人工生草处理对于减少坡地果园的水土和养分流失有着显著或极显著的效果,人工生草和自然生草处理的全年径流量,土壤流失量,总氮、总磷含量分别为538．91m3·hm-1·a-1、22．7t·km-2·a-1、1．36kg·hm-2·a-1和0．18kg·hm-2·a-1。     

Fish and flows: Abiotic drivers influence the recruitment response of a freshwater fish community throughout a regulated lotic system of the Murray-Darling Basin,Australia

1. Fish assemblages in dryland rivers have life-history strategies that have evolved in response to environmental conditions and triggers, particularly water temperatures and flow regimes. The regulation of rivers through the construction of dams, weirs and other water diversion structures has altered natural flow regimes and the associated ecological processes of river systems worldwide.
2. Over a 3-year period, using standardized fish sampling and daily otolith ageing, the recruitment of eight freshwater fish species was monitored in response to various abiotic drivers, including hydrology and water temperatures, throughout the Macquarie River, a large regulated river system of the Australian Murray-Darling Basin.
3. A data-driven statistical classification system is provided that groups species into reproductive guilds, based on their recruitment response to hydrology and water temperature, specifically designed for use in environmental flow management.
4. The eight species were grouped into three distinct reproductive guilds that showed similar recruitment responses to the abiotic drivers. Murray-Darling rainbowfish, Murray cod, and eel-tailed catfish were considered as a single guild, characterized by seasonal recruitment during a relatively narrow thermal window under low to moderate stable discharges. The second group included common carp, bony herring, and golden perch, which recruited primarily in association with larger flow events. Un-specked hardyhead and Australian smelt formed a more differentiated guild, recruiting over a broad range of temperatures and discharges. Limitations associated with using a reproductive guild approach to simplify water management are discussed.
5. This study highlighted important relationships among hydrology, water temperatures, and successful recruitment that can, in turn, be used to inform development of adaptive flow management plans and effective use of environmental water for the conservation management of native fish communities. Important considerations in the design of studies that aim to examine relationships between recruitment and abiotic drivers are also discussed.

     

Spinal deformity in triploid grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes)

From mid-2004 to mid-2005, several grass carp, Ctenophayngodon idella (Valenciennes), showing evidence of spinal deformity were presented to the Aquatic Animal Health Program, Cornell University. The carp were from three separate locations in New York State. The first case involved several fish from a natural body of water in the Catskill Mountain region of south-eastern New York State. The second was a single affected individual from a private pond in the Fingerlakes region of Central New York State. The third was a single individual from the Cold Springs Harbor Fish Hatchery, Cold Springs Harbor, Long Island. All fish were at least 7 years of age. Radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans revealed the deformities to be of bony origin. The spinal deformities were characterized by variable amounts of kyphosis, scoliosis and rotation. While it is not possible to determine the specific cause(s) of the lesions, we consider a genetic component as a likely contributor to the observed pathology.     

“玉米带”改种多年生草类后对农田排水的水文效应模拟

该文针对美国密西西比河上游明尼苏达州农田排水氮素流失严重,近年来又大力发展生物燃料产业的现状,采用田间水文模型——DRAINMOD模拟分析了玉米-大豆轮作区改种多年生草类后对农田排水的水文效应。结果表明改种多年生草后,植物耗水量的增加使得农田排水量明显减少;较深的草根系,尤其是在干旱年份消耗了大量的深层土壤水,降低了地下水位。种草后的生物排水量远远大于其他工程措施（如增加排水间距或潜埋排水管等）,可显著减少农田排水氮素流失对水环境的影响。     

玉米淀粉-辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯制备亚麻油微胶囊

为了降低生产成本,本文用价格低廉的天然蜡质玉米淀粉（NWMS）替代部分的辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯(OSAS)作为壁材,用高速剪切法处理乳液,经喷雾干燥后制备亚麻油微胶囊。将OSAS与NWMS按照5∶0、4∶1、3∶2和 2∶3（OSAS∶NWMS）的比例混合,试验结果表明,混合比例对于微胶囊颗粒的粒度没有显著影响;随着OSAS含量的增加,包埋率逐渐增大,当OSAS与NWMS混合比例为3∶2时,包埋率达到61.45%;随着NWMS含量的增加,微胶囊的含水率增大,表面变得更为光滑。NWMS可与OSAS混合作为亚麻油微胶囊的壁材,以达到降低成本的目的。     

共和本地山羊血红蛋白多态性的研究：发现一种新的山羊血红蛋白变异体

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对７８只共和县的青海本地山羊血红蛋白多态性进行了研究。结果发现，除存在ＨＢＡ变异体外，共和本地山羊中还有一种新的山羊血红蛋白变异体。它以ＨＢＺＡ杂合子形式存在，泳动速度与绵羊的ＨＢＡ变异体相似，暂命名为ＨＢＺ。ＨＢＺＡ基因型频率为３．８５％，ＨＢｚ等位基因频率为０．０１９２。